tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61515318567640732882024-03-12T18:27:34.807-07:00music nigeriarapworldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13103502143022750025noreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151531856764073288.post-2450620886589112482007-11-17T06:15:00.000-08:002007-11-17T06:18:47.420-08:00Afrobeat<div align="justify"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Main article: </strong></span><a title="Afrobeat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afrobeat</strong></span></a></div><div align="justify"><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afrobeat is a style most closely associated with Nigeria, though practitioners and fans are found throughout West Africa, and Afrobeat recordings are a prominent part of the </strong></span><a title="World music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>world music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> category found throughout the developed world. It is a fusion of American </strong></span><a title="Funk" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>funk</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> music with elements of highlife, </strong></span><a title="Jazz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>jazz</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and other styles of West African music. The most popular and well-known performer, indeed the most famous Nigerian musician in history, is undoubtedly </strong></span><a title="Fela Kuti" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Kuti"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fela Kuti</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />Fela Kuti began performing in 1961, but did not start playing in his distinctive Afrobeat style until his exposure to Sierra Leonean </strong></span><a class="new" title="Afro-soul" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afro-soul&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afro-soul</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> singer </strong></span><a class="new" title="Geraldo Pino" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geraldo_Pino&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Geraldo Pino</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in 1963. Although Kuti is often credited as the only pioneer of Afrobeat, other musicians such as Kuti </strong></span><a class="new" title="Orlando Julius Ekemode" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Julius_Ekemode&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Orlando Julius Ekemode</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> were also prominent in the early Afrobeat scene, where they combined highlife, jazz and funk. A brief period in the United States saw him exposed to the </strong></span><a title="Black Power" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Power"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Black Power</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> movement and the </strong></span><a title="Black Panther Party" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Black Panthers</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, an influence that he would come to express in his lyrics. After living in London briefly, he moved back to Lagos and opened a club, </strong></span><a class="new" title="The Shrine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shrine&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Shrine</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, which was one of the most popular music spots in the city. He started recording with </strong></span><a title="Africa '70" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_%2770"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Africa '70</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a huge band featuring drummer </strong></span><a title="Tony Allen (musician)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Allen_%28musician%29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tony Allen</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, who has since gone on to become a well-known musician in his own right. With Africa 70, Kuti recorded a series of hits, earning the ire of the government as he tackled such diverse issues as poverty, traffic and skin-bleaching. In 1985, Kuti was jailed for five years, but was released after only two years after international outcry and massive domestic protests. Upon release, Kuti continued to criticise the government in his songs, and became known for eccentric behaviour, such as suddenly divorcing all twenty-eight wives because "no man has the right to own a woman's vagina". His death from </strong></span><a title="AIDS" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>AIDS</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in 1997 sparked a period of national mourning that was unprecedented in documented Nigerian history.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-44"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[45]</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Image:FelaKutiAfricanWoman.ogg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FelaKutiAfricanWoman.ogg"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fela Kuti's "African Woman"</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fela Kuti's Afrobeat sound made him the most famous musician in Nigerian history<br />Problems listening to the file? See </strong></span><a title="Wikipedia:Media help" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>media help</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />In the 1980s, Afrobeat became affiliated with the burgeoning genre of </strong></span><a title="World music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>world music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. In Europe and North America, so-called "world music" acts came from all over the world and played in a multitude of styles. Fela Kuti and his Afrobeat followers were among the most famous of the musicians considered world music.<br />By the end of the '80s and early '90s, Afrobeat had diversified by taking in new influences from </strong></span><a title="Jazz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>jazz</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Rock and roll" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>rock and roll</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. The ever-masked and enigmatic </strong></span><a title="Lagbaja" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagbaja"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Lágbájá</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> became one of the standard-bearers of the new wave of Afrobeat, especially after his 1996 LP </strong></span><a class="new" title="C'est Une African Thing" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%27est_Une_African_Thing&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>C'est Une African Thing</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Following a surprise appearance in place of his father, Fela, </strong></span><a title="Femi Kuti" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femi_Kuti"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Femi Kuti</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> garnered a large fan base that enabled him to tour across Europe.<br /></strong></span><a title="Image:FemiKutiSorrySorry(OldScho.ogg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FemiKutiSorrySorry%28OldScho.ogg"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Femi Kuti's "Sorry Sorry (Old School Afro D)"</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Femi Kuti, son of Fela Kuti, is one of the major performers of modern Afrobeat<br />Problems listening to the file? See </strong></span><a title="Wikipedia:Media help" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>media help</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a class="image" title="Femi Kuti" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FemiKuti.png"></a><br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FemiKuti.png"></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Femi Kuti<br /></strong></span><a title="Image:LagbajaIluReO.ogg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LagbajaIluReO.ogg"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Lagbaja's "Ilu Re O"</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Lagbaja is a modern Afrobeat performer<br />Problems listening to the file? See </strong></span><a title="Wikipedia:Media help" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>media help</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a id="Waka" name="Waka"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Waka<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Waka music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Waka music</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The popular songstress </strong></span><a title="Salawa Abeni" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salawa_Abeni"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Salawa Abeni</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> had become nationally renowned after the release of </strong></span><a class="new" title="Late General Murtala Ramat Mohammed" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Late_General_Murtala_Ramat_Mohammed&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Late General Murtala Ramat Mohammed</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in 1976, which was the first Nigerian recording by a woman to sell more than a million copies. In the 1980s, she remained one of the nation's best-selling artists, creating her own unique variety of music called waka; she was so closely associated with the genre that a royal figure, the </strong></span><a class="new" title="Alaafin of Oyo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaafin_of_Oyo&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Alaafin of Oyo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Obalamidi Adeyemi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obalamidi_Adeyemi&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Obalamidi Adeyemi</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, crowned her the "Queen of Waka Music" in 1992. Waka was a fusion of jùjú, fuji and traditional Yoruban music.<br /></strong></span><a id="Reggae_and_hip_hop" name="Reggae_and_hip_hop"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Reggae and hip hop<br />Main articles: </strong></span><a title="Nigerian reggae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_reggae"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigerian reggae</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Nigerian gospel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_gospel"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigerian gospel</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Nigerian hip hop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigerian hip hop</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigerian reggae was popularised by stars such as </strong></span><a title="Majek Fashek" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majek_Fashek"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Majek Fashek</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, whose 1988 </strong></span><a title="Cover version" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>cover</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> of </strong></span><a title="Bob Marley" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Bob Marley</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s "</strong></span><a title="Redemption Song" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemption_Song"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Redemption Song</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>", became an unprecedented success for reggae in Nigeria. Like many later Nigerian reggae stars, Fashek was a part of the long-running band </strong></span><a title="The Matadors" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matadors"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Matadors</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, who toured and recorded incessantly during the mid to late 1980s and early '90s. Later prominent reggae musicians included </strong></span><a class="new" title="Jerri Jheto" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerri_Jheto&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jerri Jheto</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Daddy Showkey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daddy_Showkey&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Daddy Showkey</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ras Kimono" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ras_Kimono&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ras Kimono</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and the London-based </strong></span><a class="new" title="MC Afrikan Simba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MC_Afrikan_Simba&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>MC Afrikan Simba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />Nigerian </strong></span><a title="Gospel music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>gospel music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, based on </strong></span><a title="African American music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>African American musical</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> models, grew in the 1970s when church-based performance groups and individuals moved to public exhibition. Gospel became very popular in Nigeria throughout the last part of the century, especially singers like </strong></span><a class="new" title="Sammie Okposo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sammie_Okposo&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Sammie Okposo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, whose 2000 hit "Welu Welu" was one of the most popular songs in Nigerian history </strong></span><a class="external text" title="http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/celebrityfashion/2005/may/21/celebrityfashion-21-05-2005-001.htm" href="http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/celebrityfashion/2005/may/21/celebrityfashion-21-05-2005-001.htm" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Sun News Online</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and the long-time performer </strong></span><a class="new" title="Onyeka Onwenu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onyeka_Onwenu&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Onyeka Onwenu</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a title="Hip hop music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hip hop music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> was brought to Nigeria in the late 1980s, and grew steadily popular throughout the first part of the 1990s. The first acts included [Sound on Sound], [Emphasis], [Ruff Rugged & Raw], [SWAT ROOT]</strong></span><a title="Osha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osha"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Osha</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a class="new" title="De Weez" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=De_Weez&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>De Weez</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Black Masquradaz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Masquradaz&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Black Masquradaz</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Need more information on Nigerian Music? please visit the largest database of Nigerian artists and creativity on the web at </strong></span><a class="external free" title="http://www.nigeria-arts.net.ng" href="http://www.nigeria-arts.net.ng/" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>http://www.nigeria-arts.net.ng</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> . Moreover ,Mainstream success grew later in the decade, with attention brought by early hits like </strong></span><a class="new" title="The Trybesmen" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Trybesmen&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Trybesmen</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s "Trybal Marks" (1999) and the trio </strong></span><a class="new" title="The Remedies" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Remedies&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Remedies</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>' "Judile" and "Sakoma". One of The Remedies, </strong></span><a title="Tony Tetuila" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Tetuila"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tony Tetuila</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, went on to work with the </strong></span><a class="new" title="Plantashun Boiz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plantashun_Boiz&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Plantashun Boiz</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> to great commercial acclaim. The 1999 founding of </strong></span><a class="new" title="Paybacktyme Records" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paybacktyme_Records&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Paybacktyme Records</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> helped redefined and establish a Nigerian hip hop scene. Also, the general rapid growth of the entertainment scene with support from the media helped popularise Hiphop music in Nigera. Television Programmes like the MTN Y'ello show, Music Africa, and Soundcity played a major role especially with Presenters like Deji Falope whose fascination for diamond and platinum chains and earrings seem to more than subtly express the culture. Other prominent Nigerian hip-hop musicians include former member of The Remedies </strong></span><a title="Eedris Abdulkareem" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eedris_Abdulkareem"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Eedris Abdulkareem</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (who had a well-publicised spat with the American star </strong></span><a title="50 Cent" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Cent"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>50 Cent</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>), </strong></span><a class="new" title="Deshola Idowu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deshola_Idowu&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Deshola Idowu</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a class="new" title="JJC and the 419 Squad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JJC_and_the_419_Squad&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>JJC and the 419 Squad</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Zdon Paporrella" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zdon_Paporrella&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Zdon Paporrella</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, D'Banj, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Bolade Bentley" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolade_Bentley&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Bolade Bentley</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Shawl-x" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shawl-x&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Shawl-x</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Twin-X" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-X"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Twin-X</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="P-Square" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Square"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>P-Square</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Thorobreds" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorobreds&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Thorobreds</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Modenine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modenine"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Modenine</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Terry tha Rapman" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terry_tha_Rapman&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Terry tha Rapman</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span></div>rapworldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13103502143022750025noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151531856764073288.post-49062278477671632642007-11-17T06:08:00.000-08:002007-11-17T06:14:58.135-08:00The birth of fuji<div align="justify"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The spread of highlife<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Highlife" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Highlife</strong></span></a></div><div align="justify"><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Among the Igbo people, Ghanaian </strong></span><a title="Highlife" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>highlife</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> became popular in the early 1950s, and other guitar-band styles from </strong></span><a title="Cameroon" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Cameroon</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Zaire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaire"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Zaire</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> soon followed. The Ghanaian </strong></span><a title="E. T. Mensah" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._Mensah"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>E. T. Mensah</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, easily the most popular highlife performer of the 1950s, toured Igbo-land frequently, drawing huge crowds of devoted fans. </strong></span><a class="new" title="Bobby Benson & His Combo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobby_Benson_%26_His_Combo&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Bobby Benson & His Combo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> was the first Nigerian highlife band to find audiences across the country. Benson was followed by </strong></span><a class="new" title="Jim Lawson & the Mayor's Dance Band" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Lawson_%26_the_Mayor%27s_Dance_Band&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jim Lawson & the Mayor's Dance Band</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, who achieved national fame in the mid-'70s, ending with Lawson's death in 1976. During the same period, other highlife performers were reaching their peak. These included </strong></span><a class="new" title="Rocafil Jazz" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocafil_Jazz&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Rocafil Jazz</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Prince Nico Mbarga" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Nico_Mbarga"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Prince Nico Mbarga</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, whose "</strong></span><a title="Sweet Mother" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Mother"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Sweet Mother</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>" was a pan-African hit that sold more than 13 million copies, more than any other African single of any kind. Mbarga used English lyrics in a style that he dubbed </strong></span><a title="Panko" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panko"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>panko</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, which incorporated "sophisticated </strong></span><a title="African Rumba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Rumba"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>rumba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> guitar-phrasing into the highlife idiom".After the civil war in the 1960s, Igbo musicians were forced out of Lagos and returned to their homeland. The result was that highlife ceased to be a major part of mainstream Nigerian music, and was thought of as being something purely associated with the Igbos of the east. Highlife's popularity slowly dwindled among the Igbos, supplanted by jùjú and fuji. However, a few performers kept the style alive, such as Yoruba singer and trumpeter </strong></span><a class="new" title="Victor Olaiya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Olaiya&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Victor Olaiya</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (the only Nigerian to ever earn a platinum record), </strong></span><a class="new" title="Stephen Osita Osadebe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Osita_Osadebe&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Stephen Osita Osadebe</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Sonny Okosun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonny_Okosun&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Sonny Okosun</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Victor Uwaifo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Uwaifo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Victor Uwaifo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and </strong></span><a class="new" title="'Orlando" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orlando_%22Dr._Ganja%22_Owoh&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Orlando "Dr. Ganja" Owoh</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, whose distinctive </strong></span><a class="new" title="Toye" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toye&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>toye</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> style fused jùjú and highlife.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-27"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[28]</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Image:PrinceNicoMbargaSweetMother.ogg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PrinceNicoMbargaSweetMother.ogg"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Prince Nico Mbarga's "Sweet Mother"</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>"Sweet Mother" was a best-selling single across Africa<br />Problems listening to the file? See </strong></span><a title="Wikipedia:Media help" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>media help</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a id="The_birth_of_fuji" name="The_birth_of_fuji"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The birth of fuji<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fuji music</strong></span></a></div><div align="justify"><br /><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a traditional style from </strong></span><a title="Ijebu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijebu"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ijebu</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in Yorubaland, also became very popular in the 1960s, led by performers like </strong></span><a title="Haruna Ishola" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruna_Ishola"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Haruna Ishola</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, Sefiu Ayan, Kasumu Adio, and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ayinla Omowura" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayinla_Omowura&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ayinla Omowura</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Ishola, who was one of Nigeria's most consistent hit makers between 1955 and his death in 1983, recorded apala songs, which alternated between slow and emotional, and swift and energetic. His lyrics were a mixture of improvised praise and passages from the </strong></span><a title="Quran" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Quran</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, as well as traditional </strong></span><a title="Proverb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>proverbs</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. His work became a formative influence on the developing fuji style.<br />The late 1960s saw the appearance of the first fuji bands. Fuji was named after </strong></span><a title="Mount Fuji" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Mount Fuji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in Japan, purely for the sound of the word, according to </strong></span><a title="Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaji_Sikiru_Ayinde_Barrister"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-28"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[29]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Fuji was a synthesis of apala with the "ornamented, free-rhythmic" vocals of </strong></span><a title="Ajisari" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajisari"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ajisari</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> devotional musicians</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[30]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and was accompanied by the </strong></span><a title="Sakara" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakara"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>sakara</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a tambourine-drum, and Hawaiian guitar. Among the genre's earliest stars were </strong></span><a title="Haruna Ishola" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruna_Ishola"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Haruna Ishola</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ayinla Omowura" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayinla_Omowura&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ayinla Omowura</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>; Ishola released numerous hits from the late '50s to the early '80s, becoming one of the country's most famous performers. Fuji grew steadily more popular between the 1960s and '70s, becoming closely associated with </strong></span><a title="Islam" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Islam</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in the process.<br />Fuji has been described as jùjú without guitars; ironically, Ebenezer Obey once described jùjú as </strong></span><a title="Mambo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>mambo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> with guitars.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-30"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[31]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> However, at its roots, fuji is a mixture of </strong></span><a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Muslim</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> traditional </strong></span><a title="Were music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Were_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>were music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'</strong></span><a title="Ajisari" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajisari"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ajisari</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> songs with "aspects of </strong></span><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> percussion and vocal songs and brooding, philosophical sakara music";</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-31"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[32]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> of these elements, apala is the fundamental basis of fuji</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-32"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[33]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> The first stars of </strong></span><a title="Fuji" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>fuji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> were the rival bandleaders Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister and </strong></span><a title="Ayinla Kollington" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayinla_Kollington"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ayinla Kollington</strong></span></a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-33"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[34]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister started his fuji career in the early 1970s with the Golden Fuji Group," although he had sung Muslim songs since he was 10 years old. He first changed his group's name to "Fuji Londoners" when he came back from a trip to London, England. After a very long time — with hits such as "Orilonise," Fuji Disco/Iku Baba Obey," "Oke Agba," "Aye," and "Suuru" — he later changed the group's name to "Supreme Fuji Commanders" with a bang!, "Orelope" that went platinum instantly. Ayinde's rival was </strong></span><a title="Ayinla Kollington" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayinla_Kollington"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ayinla Kollington</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, "Baba Alatika," known for using abusive and vulgar lyrics interlaced with incoherent social commentaries. He was followed in the 1980s by burgeoning stars such as </strong></span><a class="new" title="Wasiu Ayinde Barrister" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wasiu_Ayinde_Barrister&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Wasiu Ayinde Barrister</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a title="Image:SikiruAyindeBarristerFujiLo.ogg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SikiruAyindeBarristerFujiLo.ogg"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Sikiru Ayinde Barrister's "Fuji London Garbage"</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Sikiru Ayinde Barrister is a very popular fuji musician<br />Problems listening to the file? See </strong></span><a title="Wikipedia:Media help" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>media help</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a id="Diversification:_Ade_and_Obey" name="Diversification:_Ade_and_Obey"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Diversification: Ade and Obey</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><br /><a title="Ebenezer Obey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Obey"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ebenezer Obey</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> formed the International Brothers in 1964, and his band soon rivalled that of IK Dairo as the biggest Nigerian group. They played a form of </strong></span><a title="Blues" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>bluesy</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, guitar-based and highlife-influenced jùjú that included complex </strong></span><a title="Talking drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>talking drum</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>-dominated percussion elements. Obey's lyrics addressed issues that appealed to urban listeners, and incorporated Yoruban traditions and his conservative Christian faith. His rival was </strong></span><a title="King Sunny Ade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Sunny_Ade"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>King Sunny Ade</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, who emerged in the same period, forming the Green Spots in 1966 and then achieving some major hits with the African Beats after 1974's </strong></span><a class="new" title="Esu Biri Ebo Mi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esu_Biri_Ebo_Mi&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Esu Biri Ebo Mi</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Ade and Obey raced to incorporate new influences into jùjú music and to gather new fans; </strong></span><a title="Hawaiian slack-key" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_slack-key"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hawaiian slack-key</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Keyboard instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>keyboards</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and background vocals were among the innovations added during this rapidly changing period.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-34"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[35]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Ade added strong elements of Jamaican </strong></span><a title="Dub music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>dub music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and introduced the practice of having the guitar play the rhythm and the drums play the melody</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-35"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[36]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> During this period, jùjú songs changed from short pop songs to long tracks, often over 20 minutes in length. Bands increased from four performers in the original ensembles, to 10 with IK Dairo and more than 30 with Obey and Ade.</strong></span></div><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><div align="justify"><br /></strong></span><a title="Image:KingSunnyAdeMaJaiyeOni.ogg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KingSunnyAdeMaJaiyeOni.ogg"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>King Sunny Ade's "Ma Jaiye Oni"</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>King Sunny Ade was a major star of 1960s and 70s juju<br />Problems listening to the file? See </strong></span><a title="Wikipedia:Media help" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>media help</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a title="Image:EbenezerObeyafienioluwakoyo.ogg" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EbenezerObeyafienioluwakoyo.ogg"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ebenezer Obey's "A Fi Eni Oluwa Koyo"</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Obey rose to fame in the mid to late 1960s<br />Problems listening to the file? See </strong></span><a title="Wikipedia:Media help" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>media help</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a id="The_1980s_and_.2790s" name="The_1980s_and_.2790s"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The 1980s and '90s</strong></span></div><div align="justify"><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>In the early 1980s, both Obey and Ade found larger audiences outside of Nigeria. In 1982, Ade was signed to </strong></span><a title="Island Records" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Island Records</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, who hoped to replicate </strong></span><a title="Bob Marley" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Marley"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Bob Marley</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s success, and released </strong></span><a class="new" title="Juju Music (album)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juju_Music_%28album%29&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Juju Music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, which sold far beyond expectations in Europe and the United States.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-36"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[37]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Obey released </strong></span><a class="new" title="Current Affairs" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Current_Affairs&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Current Affairs</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in 1980 on </strong></span><a title="Virgin Records" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Virgin Records</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and became a brief star in the UK, but was not able to sustain his international career as long as Ade. Ade led a brief period of international fame for jùjú, which ended in 1985 when he lost his record contract after the commercial failure of </strong></span><a class="new" title="Aura (King Sunny Ade album)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aura_%28King_Sunny_Ade_album%29&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Aura</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (recorded with </strong></span><a title="Stevie Wonder" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Stevie Wonder</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>) and his band walked out in the middle of a huge Japanese tour. Ade's brush with international renown brought a lot of attention from mainstream record companies, and helped to inspire the burgeoning </strong></span><a title="World music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>world music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> industry. By the end of the 1980s, jùjú had lost out to other styles, like </strong></span><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Nigerian gospel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_gospel"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>gospel</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Reggae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>reggae</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. In the 1990s, however, fuji and jùjú remained popular, as did </strong></span><a title="Waka music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>waka music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and Nigerian reggae. At the very end of the decade, </strong></span><a title="Hip hop music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>hip hop music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> spread to the country after being a major part of music in neighboring regions like Senegal.<br /></strong></span><a name="1980s:_Yo-pop_and_Afro-j.C3.B9j.C3.BA"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1980s: Yo-pop and Afro-jùjú<br />Main articles: </strong></span><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Afro-juju" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-juju"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afro-juju</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Two of the biggest stars of the '80s were </strong></span><a class="new" title="Segun Adewale" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Segun_Adewale&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Segun Adewale</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Shina Peters" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shina_Peters"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Shina Peters</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, who started their careers performing in the mid-'70s with </strong></span><a class="new" title="Prince Adekunle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Adekunle&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Prince Adekunle</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. They eventually left Adekunle and formed a brief partnership as Shina Adewale & the International Superstars before beginning solo careers.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-37"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[38]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Adewale was the first of the two to gain success, when he became the most famous performer of </strong></span><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span></div><div align="justify"> </div><div align="justify"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Yo-pop craze did not last for long, replaced by Shina Peters' Afro-juju style, which broke into the mainstream after the release of </strong></span><a class="new" title="Afro-Juju Series 1" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afro-Juju_Series_1&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afro-Juju Series 1</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (1989). Afro-juju was a combination of Afrobeat and fuji, and it ignited such fervor among Shina's fans that the phenomenon was dubbed "Shinamania". Though he was awarded </strong></span><a class="new" title="Juju Musician of the Year" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juju_Musician_of_the_Year&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Juju Musician of the Year</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in 1990, Shina's follow-up, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Shinamania" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shinamania&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Shinamania</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> sold respectively but was panned by critics.</strong></span><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> His success opened up the field to newcomers, however, leading to the success of </strong></span><a class="new" title="Fabulous Olu Fajemirokun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabulous_Olu_Fajemirokun&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fabulous Olu Fajemirokun</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Adewale Ayuba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adewale_Ayuba"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Adewale Ayuba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. The same period saw the rise of new styles like the </strong></span><a class="new" title="Funky juju" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funky_juju&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>funky juju</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> pioneered by </strong></span><a class="new" title="Dele Taiwo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dele_Taiwo&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Dele Taiwo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span></div>rapworldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13103502143022750025noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151531856764073288.post-77300185369341683632007-11-17T06:01:00.000-08:002007-11-17T06:06:18.598-08:00Palm-wine and the invention of jùjú<div align="justify"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Main article: </strong></span><a title="Palm-wine music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-wine_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Palm-wine music</strong></span></a></div><div align="justify"><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>By the start of the 20th century, Yoruban music had incorporated brass instruments, written notation, Islamic percussion and new Brazilian techniques, resulting in the </strong></span><a title="Lagos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Lagos</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>-born </strong></span><a title="Palm-wine music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-wine_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>palm-wine</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> style. The term palm-wine is also used to describe related genres in </strong></span><a title="Sierra Leone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Sierra Leone</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, Liberia and </strong></span><a title="Ghana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ghana</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-18"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[19]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> these varieties are better-known than Nigerian palm-wine. However, palm-wine originally referred to a diverse set of styles played with </strong></span><a title="String instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>string instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, characteristically, </strong></span><a title="Guitar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>guitars</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> or </strong></span><a title="Banjo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>banjos</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>) with </strong></span><a title="Shaker (percussion)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaker_%28percussion%29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>shakers</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and hand </strong></span><a title="Drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> accompanying</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-19"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[20]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> This urban style was frequently played in bars to accompany drinking (hence the name, which is derived from the alcoholic </strong></span><a title="Palm wine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_wine"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>palm wine</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> beverage).</strong></span></div><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><div align="justify"><br />The first stars of palm-wine had emerged by the 1920s, the most famous of whom was </strong></span><a class="new" title="Baba Tunde King" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baba_Tunde_King&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Baba Tunde King</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. King probably coined the word jùjú — a style of music he helped to create — in reference to the sound of a Brazilian </strong></span><a title="Tambourine" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambourine"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>tambourine</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>; alternatively, the term may have developed as an expression of disdain by the colonial leaders (any native tradition was apt to be dismissed as 'mere joujou, </strong></span><a title="French language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>French</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> for "nonsense").</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-20"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[21]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> By the early 1930s, British </strong></span><a title="Record label" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>record labels</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> such as </strong></span><a title="HMV" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMV"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>His Master's Voice</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> had started to record palm-wine, and more celebrities emerged, including </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ojoge Daniel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojoge_Daniel&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ojoge Daniel</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Tunde Nightingale" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde_Nightingale"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tunde Nightingale</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Speedy Araba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speedy_Araba&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Speedy Araba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. These artists, along with Tunde King, established the core of the style</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-21"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[22]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> which was called </strong></span><a title="Jùjú music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and remained one of the most popular genres in Nigeria throughout the 20th century.<br /></strong></span><a id="Apala" name="Apala"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=13"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Apala<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Apala</strong></span></a></div><div align="justify"><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Apala is a style of vocal and percussive Muslim Yoruba music. It emerged in the late 1930s as a means of rousing worshippers after the fasting of </strong></span><a title="Ramadan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ramadan</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Under the influence of popular </strong></span><a title="Music of Cuba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Cuba"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afro-Cuban percussion</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, apala developed into a more polished style and attracted a large audience. The music required two or three talking drums (omele), a rattle (sekere), thumb piano (agidigbo) and a bell (agogo). </strong></span><a title="Haruna Ishola" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruna_Ishola"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Haruna Ishola</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> was the most famous apala performer, and he later played an integral role in bringing apala to larger audiences as a part of </strong></span><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>fuji music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-22"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[23]</strong></span></a><br /><a id="The_1950s.2C_.2760s_and_.2770s" name="The_1950s.2C_.2760s_and_.2770s"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The 1950s, '60s and '70s<br />Following </strong></span><a title="World War II" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>World War II</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, Nigerian music started to take on new instruments and techniques, including electric instruments imported from the United States and Europe. </strong></span><a class="new" title="Rock N' roll" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_N%27_roll&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Rock N' roll</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Soul music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>soul</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and later </strong></span><a title="Funk" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>funk</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, became very popular in Nigeria, and elements of these genres were added to jùjú by artists such as </strong></span><a title="I. K. Dairo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._K._Dairo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>IK Dairo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Meanwhile, highlife had been slowly gaining in popularity among the Igbo people, and their unique style soon found a national audience. At the same time, </strong></span><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="Haruna Ishola" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruna_Ishola"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Haruna Ishola</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> was becoming one of the country's biggest stars. In the early to mid 1970s, three of the biggest names in Nigerian music history were at their peak: </strong></span><a title="Fela Kuti" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Kuti"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fela Kuti</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Ebenezer Obey" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Obey"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ebenezer Obey</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="King Sunny Ade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Sunny_Ade"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>King Sunny Ade</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, while the end of that decade saw the start of </strong></span><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Nigerian reggae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_reggae"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigerian reggae</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />Although popular styles such as highlife and jùjú were at the top of the Nigerian charts in the '60s, traditional music remained widespread. Traditional stars included the Hausa </strong></span><a title="Dan Maraya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Maraya"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Dan Maraya</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, who was so well known that he was brought to the battlefield during the 1967 </strong></span><a title="Nigerian Civil War" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigerian Civil War</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> to lift the morale of the federal troops.<br /></strong></span><a id="The_modernisation_of_j.C3.B9j.C3.BA" name="The_modernisation_of_j.C3.B9j.C3.BA"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The modernisation of jùjú<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Jùjú music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jùjú music</strong></span></a><br /><a class="image" title="I.K. Dairo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IKDairo.png"></a><br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:IKDairo.png"></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>I.K. Dairo<br />Following World War II, </strong></span><a title="Tunde Nightingale" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde_Nightingale"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tunde Nightingale</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a class="new" title="S'o wa mbe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%27o_wa_mbe&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>s'o wa mbe</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> style made him one of the first jùjú stars, and he introduced more Westernised pop influences to the genre. During the 1950s, recording technology grew more advanced, and the gangan </strong></span><a title="Talking drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>talking drum</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Electric guitar" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>electric guitar</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Accordion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>accordion</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> were incorporated into jùjú. Much of this innovation was the work of </strong></span><a title="IK Dairo & the Morning Star Orchestra" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IK_Dairo_%26_the_Morning_Star_Orchestra"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>IK Dairo & the Morning Star Orchestra</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (later IK Dairo & the Blue Spots), which formed in 1957.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-23"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[24]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> these performers brought jùjú from the rural poor to the urban cities of Nigeria and beyond.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-24"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[25]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Dairo became perhaps the biggest star of African music by the '60s, recording numerous hit songs that spread his fame to as far away as </strong></span><a title="Japan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Japan</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. In 1963, he became the only African musician ever honoured by receiving membership of the </strong></span><a title="Order of the British Empire" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Order of the British Empire</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, an </strong></span><a title="Order of chivalry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_chivalry"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>order of chivalry</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in the </strong></span><a title="United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>United Kingdom</strong></span></a>.</div>rapworldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13103502143022750025noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151531856764073288.post-68595670726791807892007-11-17T05:49:00.002-08:002007-11-17T05:58:23.002-08:00Music of Nigeria<span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /> of Nigeria: Topics<br /></strong></span><a title="Hausa music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hausa</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Igbo music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Yoruba music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Apala</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fuji</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Jùjú music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jùjú</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Afrobeat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afrobeat</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Afro-juju" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-juju"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afro-juju</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Waka music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Waka</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><br /><a class="new" title="Timeline of trends in Nigerian music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_trends_in_Nigerian_music&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Timeline</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Samples of Nigerian music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samples_of_Nigerian_music&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Samples</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Genres<br /></strong></span><a title="Nigerian hip hop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hip hop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> - </strong></span><a title="Nigerian reggae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_reggae"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Reggae</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> - </strong></span><a title="Nigerian gospel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_gospel"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Gospel</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigeria</strong></span></a><br /><a class="image" title="Nigeria coa.png" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nigeria_coa.png"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>This article is part of the series:</strong></span><a title="Culture of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Culture of Nigeria</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Languages of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Languages</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a title="Nigerian literature" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_literature"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Literature</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a title="List of Nigerian writers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_writers"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>List of Nigerian writers</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a title="List of Nigerian poets" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_poets"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>List of Nigerian poets</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br />Music of Nigeria<br /></strong></span><a title="Category:Culture by nationality" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_by_nationality"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Other countries</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> - </strong></span><a title="Portal:Culture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Culture"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Culture Portal</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Template:Culture of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>view</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> • </strong></span><a class="new" title="Template talk:Culture of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Culture_of_Nigeria&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>talk</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> • </strong></span><a class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" action="edit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture_of_Nigeria&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The music of Nigeria includes many kinds of </strong></span><a title="Folk music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>folk</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Popular music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>popular music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, some of which are known worldwide. Styles of folk music are related to the multitudes of </strong></span><a title="Demographics of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria#Ethnic_groups"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ethnic groups</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in the country, each with their own techniques, instruments, and songs. Little is known about the country's music history prior to European contact, although </strong></span><a title="Bronze" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>bronze</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> carvings dating back to the 16th and 17th centuries have been found depicting musicians and their instruments.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-0"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[1]</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigeria</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> has been called "the heart of </strong></span><a title="Music of Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>African music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>" because of its role in the development of West African </strong></span><a title="Highlife" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>highlife</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Palm-wine music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-wine_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>palm-wine music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, which fuses native rhythms with techniques imported from the </strong></span><a title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Congo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> for the development of several popular styles that were unique to Nigeria, like </strong></span><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>fuji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Jùjú music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and </strong></span><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Subsequently, Nigerian musicians created their own styles of </strong></span><a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>United States</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a title="Nigerian hip hop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>hip hop music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Jamaica" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jamaican</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a title="Reggae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>reggae</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Nigeria's musical output has achieved international acclaim not only in the fields of folk and popular music,</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-1"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[2]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> but also </strong></span><a title="European classical music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_classical_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Western art music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> written by composers such as </strong></span><a title="Fela Sowande" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Sowande"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fela Sowande</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a title="Polyrhythm" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Polyrhythms</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, in which two or more separate beats are played simultaneously, are a part of much of traditional African music;</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-2"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[3]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Nigeria is no exception. The </strong></span><a title="African hemiola style" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_hemiola_style"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>African hemiola style</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, based on the asymmetric rhythm pattern</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-3"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[4]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is an important rhythmic technique throughout the continent. Nigerian music also uses </strong></span><a title="Ostinato" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostinato"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ostinato</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> rhythms, in which a rhythmic pattern is repeated despite changes in </strong></span><a title="Metre (music)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_%28music%29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>metre</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigeria has some of the most advanced </strong></span><a title="Recording studio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_studio"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>recording studio</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> technology in Africa, and provides robust commercial opportunities for music performers. Ronnie Graham, an historian who specialises in West Africa, has attributed the success of the Nigerian music industry to the country's culture—its "thirst for aesthetic and material success and a voracious appetite for life, love and music, [and] a huge domestic market, big enough to sustain artists who sing in regional languages and experiment with indigenous styles". However, political corruption and rampant music piracy in Nigeria has hampered the industry's growth.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-4"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[5]</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Contents[</strong></span><a class="internal" id="togglelink" href="javascript:toggleToc()"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>hide</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>]<br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Folk_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1 Folk music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_Hausa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.1 The Hausa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_Igbo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.2 The Igbo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_Yoruba"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.3 The Yoruba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Theatrical_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.4 Theatrical music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Children.27s_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.5 Children's music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Traditional_instruments"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6 Traditional instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Percussion"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6.1 Percussion</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#String_instruments"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6.2 String instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Other_instruments"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6.3 Other instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Popular_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2 Popular music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Palm-wine_and_the_invention_of_j.C3.B9j.C3.BA"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.1 Palm-wine and the invention of jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.2 Apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_1950s.2C_.2760s_and_.2770s"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3 The 1950s, '60s and '70s</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_modernisation_of_j.C3.B9j.C3.BA"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.1 The modernisation of jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_spread_of_highlife"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.2 The spread of highlife</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_birth_of_fuji"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.3 The birth of fuji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Diversification:_Ade_and_Obey"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.4 Diversification: Ade and Obey</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_1980s_and_.2790s"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4 The 1980s and '90s</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#1980s:_Yo-pop_and_Afro-j.C3.B9j.C3.BA"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.1 1980s: Yo-pop and Afro-jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Afrobeat"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.2 Afrobeat</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Waka"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.3 Waka</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Reggae_and_hip_hop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.4 Reggae and hip hop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Music_at_festivals_and_holidays"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>3 Music at festivals and holidays</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Classical_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>4 Classical music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#References"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>5 References</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Notes"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>6 Notes</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Further_reading"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>7 Further reading</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#External_links"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>8 External links</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br />//<br /></strong></span><a id="Folk_music" name="Folk_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Folk music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=1"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Folk music<br />More than 250 </strong></span><a title="Demographics of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria#Ethnic_groups"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ethnic groups</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are native to Nigeria, and many more have immigrated there in recent years; the largest ethnic groups are the </strong></span><a title="Igbo people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Hausa people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hausa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Yoruba people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> tribes. Traditional music from Nigeria and throughout Africa is almost always functional; in other words, it is performed to mark a ritual such as a </strong></span><a title="Wedding" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>wedding</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> or </strong></span><a title="Funeral" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>funeral</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and not for pure entertainment or artistic enjoyment.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-5"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[6]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Although some Nigerians, especially children and the elderly, play instruments for their own amusement, solo performance is otherwise rare. Music is closely linked to </strong></span><a title="Agriculture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>agriculture</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and there are restrictions on, for example, which instruments can be played during different parts of the growing season.<br /></strong></span><a title="Work song" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_song"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Work songs</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are a common type of traditional Nigerian music. They help to keep the rhythm of workers in fields, river canoes and other fields. Women use complex rhythms in housekeeping tasks, such as pounding </strong></span><a title="Yam (vegetable)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_%28vegetable%29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>yams</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> to highly ornamented music. In the northern regions, farmers work together on each other's farms and the host is expected to supply musicians for his neighbours.<br />Musicians in Nigeria are typically not professionals, though there are some exceptions; the northern </strong></span><a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Muslims</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in eastern </strong></span><a title="Adamawa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Adamawa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, for example, do have groups of specialised musicians. The issue of musical composition is also highly variable. The </strong></span><a title="Hwana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwana"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hwana</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, for example, believe that all songs are taught by the peoples' ancestors, while the </strong></span><a title="Tiv" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tiv</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> give credit to named composers for almost all songs, and the </strong></span><a title="Efik" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Efik</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> name individual composers only for secular songs. In many parts of Nigeria, musicians are allowed to say things in their lyrics that would otherwise be perceived as offensive.<br /></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The most common format for music in Nigeria is the </strong></span><a title="Call and response (music)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_and_response_%28music%29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>call-and-response</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> choir, in which a lead singer and a chorus interchange verses, sometimes accompanied by instruments that either shadow the lead text or repeat and </strong></span><a title="Ostinato" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostinato"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ostinato</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> vocal phrase. The southern area features complex rhythms and solo players using melody instruments, while the north more typically features polyphonic wind ensembles. The extreme north region is associated with </strong></span><a title="Monody" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monody"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>monodic</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (i.e., single-line) music with an emphasis on drums, and tends to be more influenced by Islamic music.<br /></strong></span><a title="Epic poetry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Epic poetry</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is found in parts of Nigeria, and its performance is always viewed as musical in nature. Blind itinerant performers, sometimes accompanying themselves with a string instrument, are known for reciting long poems of unorthodox Islamic text among the </strong></span><a title="Kanuri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Kanuri</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and Hausa. These, and other related traditions, may be descended from similar </strong></span><a title="Maghreb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Maghrebian</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and European traditions. </strong></span><a title="The Ozidi Saga" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ozidi_Saga"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Ozidi Saga</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> found in the Niger Delta is a well-known epic that takes seven days to perform and utilises; a narrator, a chorus, percussion, </strong></span><a title="Mime artist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mime_artist"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>mime</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and dance.<br /></strong></span><a id="The_Hausa" name="The_Hausa"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: The Hausa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=2"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] The Hausa<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Hausa music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hausa music</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The people of the north are known for complex </strong></span><a title="Percussion instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>percussive</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> music, the one-stringed </strong></span><a title="Goje" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goje"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>goje</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a title="Fiddle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>fiddle</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and a strong </strong></span><a title="Praise song" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise_song"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>praise song</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> vocal tradition. Under Muslim influence since the 14th century, Hausa music uses free-rhythmic improvisation and the Arabic scale, melding them with West African elements such as polyrhythms and call-and-response vocalisation.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-6"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[7]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Music is used to celebrate births, marriages, circumcisions, and other important life events. Hausa ceremonial music (</strong></span><a class="new" title="Rokon fada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rokon_fada&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>rokon fada</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>) is well known in the area, and is dominated by families of praise singers, including, most famously, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Narambad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narambad&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Narambad</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-7"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[8]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> The Hausa play percussion instruments such as the </strong></span><a title="Tambura" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambura"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>tambura</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> drum and the royal, elongated </strong></span><a title="Kakaki" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaki"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>kakaki</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> trumpet</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-8"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[9]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> which was originally used by the </strong></span><a title="Songhai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Songhai</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> cavalry and was taken by the rising Hausa states as a symbol of military power"</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-9"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[10]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Kakaki trumpets can be more than two metres long, and can be easily broken down into three portable parts for easy transportation.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-10"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[11]</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Rural Hausa music includes dances such as </strong></span><a class="new" title="Asauwara" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asauwara&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>asauwara</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (for young females) and the </strong></span><a title="Spirit possession" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_possession"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>spirit possession</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> dance </strong></span><a title="Bòòríí" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2%C3%B2r%C3%AD%C3%AD"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>bòòríí</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Hausa folk music has produced popular entertainers, including </strong></span><a title="Dan Maraya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Maraya"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Dan Maraya</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (known for his one-stringed </strong></span><a title="Lute" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>lute</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, the </strong></span><a title="Kontigi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontigi"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>kontigi</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>), </strong></span><a class="new" title="Audo Yaron Goje" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audo_Yaron_Goje&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Audo Yaron Goje</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Muhamman Shata" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamman_Shata"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Muhamman Shata</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ibrahim Na Habu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Na_Habu&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ibrahim Na Habu</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (known for his </strong></span><a title="Kukkuma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukkuma"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>kukkuma</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> fiddling).</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-11"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[12]</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Hausa bòòríí cult is especially well known outside the country, and has been brought as far north as </strong></span><a title="Tripoli" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tripoli</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Libya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Libya</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> by </strong></span><a title="Trans-Saharan trade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>trans-Saharan trade</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. The bòòríí cult features a kind of hypnotic, trance-inducing music, played on the </strong></span><a title="Shekere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekere"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>calabash</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, lute or fiddle. During ceremonies, women and other marginalised groups fall into trances and perform various dramatic behaviours, such as mimicking a pig or engaging in human sex. These people are said to be possessed by a character, each with its own litany (kírààrì). Similar trance cults (the so-called "</strong></span><a title="Mami Wata" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_Wata"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>mermaid cults</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>"), can be found in the </strong></span><a title="Niger Delta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Niger Delta</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> region.<br /></strong></span><a id="The_Igbo" name="The_Igbo"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: The Igbo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=3"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] The Igbo<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Igbo music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo Music</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The </strong></span><a title="Igbo people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo people</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> live in the south-east of Nigeria, and play a wide variety of folk instruments. They are known for their ready adoption of foreign styles, and were an important part of Nigerian highlife.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-12"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[13]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> The most widespread instrument is the 13-stringed </strong></span><a title="Zither" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zither"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>zither</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, called an </strong></span><a title="Obo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>obo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. The Igbo also play </strong></span><a title="Slit drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>slit drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Xylophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>xylophones</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Flute" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>flutes</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Lyre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>lyres</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Udu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udu"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>udus</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and lutes, and more recently, imported European </strong></span><a title="Brass instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>brass instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />Courtly music is played among the more traditional Igbo, maintain their royal traditions. The ufie (</strong></span><a title="Slit drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>slit drum</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>) is used to wake the chief and communicate meal times and other important information to him. Bell and drum ensembles are used to announce when the chief departs and returns to his village.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-13"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[14]</strong></span></a><br /><a id="The_Yoruba" name="The_Yoruba"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: The Yoruba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=4"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] The Yoruba<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Yoruba music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba music</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The </strong></span><a title="Yoruba people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> have an advanced </strong></span><a title="Drums" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>drumming</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> tradition, with a characteristic use of the </strong></span><a title="Dundun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundun"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>dundun</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> hourglass </strong></span><a class="new" title="Tension drums" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tension_drums&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>tension drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Ensembles using the dundun play a type of music that is also called dundun.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-14"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[15]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> These ensembles consist of various sizes of tension drums, along with kettledrums (gudugudu). The leader of a dundun ensemble is the iyalu, who uses the drum to "talk" by imitating the tonality of </strong></span><a title="Yoruba language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-15"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[16]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Much of Yoruba music is spiritual in nature, and is devoted to the </strong></span><a title="Orisha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orisha"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Orisha</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> of </strong></span><a title="Yoruba mythology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_mythology"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba mythology</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />Yoruba music has become the most important component of modern Nigerian popular music, as a result of its early influence from European, Islamic and </strong></span><a title="Brazil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Brazilian</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> forms. These influences stemmed from the importation of </strong></span><a title="Brass instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>brass instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Sheet music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>sheet music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, Islamic percussion and styles brought by Brazilian merchants.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-16"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[17]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> In both the Nigeria's most populous city, </strong></span><a title="Lagos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Lagos</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and the largest city of </strong></span><a title="Ibadan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ibadan</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, these multicultural traditions were brought together and became the root of Nigerian popular music. Modern styles such as </strong></span><a title="Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaji_Sikiru_Ayinde_Barrister"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="Fuji" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>fuji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Salawa Abeni" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salawa_Abeni"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Salawa Abeni</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="Waka music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>waka</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Yusuf Olatunji" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Olatunji"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yusuf Olatunji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="Sakara" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakara"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>sakara</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are derived primarily from Yoruban traditional music.<br /></strong></span><a id="Theatrical_music" name="Theatrical_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Theatrical music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=5"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Theatrical music<br />Nigerian </strong></span><a title="Theatre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>theatre</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> makes extensive use of music. Often, this is simply traditional music used in a theatrical production without adaptation. However, there are also distinct styles of music used in Nigerian </strong></span><a title="Opera" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>opera</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Here, music is used to convey an impression of the dramatic action to the audience. Music is also used in literary drama, although its musical accompaniment is more sparingly used than in opera; again, music communicates the mood or tone of events to the audience. An example is </strong></span><a title="Christian Guest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Guest"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Christian Guest</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="The Ozidi Saga" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ozidi_Saga"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Ozidi Saga</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a play about murder and revenge, featuring both human and non-human actors. Each character in the play is associated with a personal theme song, which accompanies battles in which the character is involved.<br />Traditional Nigerian theatre includes </strong></span><a title="Puppetry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppetry"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>puppet</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> shows in </strong></span><a title="Borno State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_State"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Borno State</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and among the Ogoni and Tiv, and the ancient Yoruba </strong></span><a title="Aláàrìnjó" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1%C3%A0r%C3%ACnj%C3%B3"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Aláàrìnjó</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> tradition, which may be descended from the </strong></span><a title="Egúngún" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C3%BAng%C3%BAn"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Egúngún</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> masquerade. With the influx of road-building colonial powers, these theatre groups spread across the country and their productions grew ever more elaborate. They now typically use European instruments, film extracts and recorded music.<br />In the past, both </strong></span><a title="Hubert Ogunde" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Ogunde"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hubert Ogunde</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ade Love" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ade_Love&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ade Love</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, of blessed memories, produced soundtracks of their movies using very rich </strong></span><a title="Yoruba language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba language</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Modern day Yoruba film and theater music composers among whom </strong></span><a title="Tope Alabi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tope_Alabi"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tope Alabi</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is the flagbearer have variously accompanied dramatic actions with original music.<br /></strong></span><a id="Children.27s_music" name="Children.27s_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Children's music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=6"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Children's music<br />Children in Nigeria have many of their own traditions, usually singing </strong></span><a title="Game" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>games</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. These are most often call-and-response type songs, using archaic language. There are other songs, such as among the </strong></span><a title="Tarok" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarok"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tarok</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> people that are sexually explicit and obscene, and are only performed far away from the home. Children also use instruments like </strong></span><a title="Untuned percussion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untuned_percussion"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>un-pitched</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a class="new" title="Raft zither" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raft_zither&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>raft zithers</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (made from cornstalks) and </strong></span><a title="Drums" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> made from tin cans, a pipe made from a </strong></span><a title="Pawpaw" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawpaw"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>pawpaw</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> stem and a </strong></span><a title="Jew's harp" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew%27s_harp"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jew's harp</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> made from a </strong></span><a title="Sorghum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>sorghum</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> stalk. Among the Hausa, children play a unique instrument in which they beat rhythms on the inflated stomach of a live, irritated </strong></span><a title="Pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pufferfish"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>pufferfish</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a id="Traditional_instruments" name="Traditional_instruments"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Traditional instruments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=7"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Traditional instruments<br />Although percussion instruments are omnipresent, Nigeria's traditional music uses a number of diverse instruments. Many, such as the </strong></span><a title="Xylophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>xylophone</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, are an integral part of music across </strong></span><a title="West Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>West Africa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, while others are imports from the Muslims of the </strong></span><a title="Maghreb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Maghreb</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, or from </strong></span><a title="Southern Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Southern</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> or </strong></span><a title="East Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>East Africa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>; other instruments have arrived from Europe or the Americas. Brass instruments and woodwinds were early imports that played a vital role in the development of Nigerian music, while the later importation of electric guitars spurred the popularisation of jùjú music.<br /></strong></span><a id="Percussion" name="Percussion"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Percussion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=8"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Percussion<br /></strong></span><a class="image" title="Drummers in Ojumo Oro, Kwara State." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg"></a><br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg"></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Drummers in </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ojumo Oro" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojumo_Oro&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ojumo Oro</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Kwara State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara_State"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Kwara State</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />The xylophone is a tuned </strong></span><a title="Idiophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiophone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>idiophone</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, common throughout west and central Africa. In Nigeria, they are most common in the southern part of the country, and are of the central African model. Several people sometimes simultaneously play a single xylophone. The instruments are usually made of loose wood placed across banana logs. Pit- and box-resonated xylophones are also found. Ensembles of clay pots beaten with a soft pad are common; they are sometimes filled with water. Although normally tuned, untuned examples are sometimes used to produce a bass rhythm. Hollow logs are also used, split lengthways, with resonator holes at the end of the slit. They were traditionally used to communicate over great distances.<br />Various bells are a common part of royal regalia, and were used in </strong></span><a title="Secret society" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>secret societies</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. They are usually made of iron, or in Islamic orchestras of the north, of bronze. Struck gourds, placed on a cloth and struck with sticks, are a part of women's music, as well as the </strong></span><a title="Bòòríí" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2%C3%B2r%C3%AD%C3%AD"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>bòòríí</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> cult dances. Sometimes, especially in the north, gourds are placed upside-down in water, with the pitch adjusted by the amount of air underneath it. In the south-west, a number of tuned gourds are played while floating in a trough.<br />Scrapers are common throughout the south. One of the most common types is a notched stick, played by dragging a shell across the stick at various speeds. It is used both as a women's court instrument and by children in teasing games. Among the Yoruba, an iron rod may be used as a replacement for a stick. Rattles are common, made of gourds containing seeds or stones are common, as are net-rattles, in which a string network of beads or shells encloses a gourd. Rattles are typically played in ritual or religious context, predominantly by women.<br />Drums of many kinds are the most common type of percussion instrument in Nigeria. They are traditionally made from a single piece of wood or spherical calabashes, but have more recently been made from oil drums. The hourglass drum is the most common shape, although there are also double-headed barrel drums, single-headed drums and conical drums. </strong></span><a title="Frame drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Frame drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are also found in Nigeria, but may be an importation from Brazil. An unusual percussion instrument is the </strong></span><a title="Udu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udu"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>udu</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a kind of vessel drum.<br /></strong></span><a id="String_instruments" name="String_instruments"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: String instruments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=9"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] String instruments<br />The </strong></span><a title="Musical bow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_bow"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>musical bow</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is found in Nigeria as a mouth-resonated cord, either plucked or struck. It is most common in the central part of the country, and is associated with agricultural songs and those expressing social concerns. Cereal stalks bound together and strings supported by two bridges are used to make a kind of raft-zither, played with the thumbs, typically for solo entertainment. The arched harp is found in the eastern part of the country, especially among the Tarok. It usually has five or six strings and pentatonic tuning. A bowl-resonated spike-fiddle with a lizard skin table is used in the northern region; it is an import from </strong></span><a title="North Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>North Africa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and is similar to central Asian and Ethiopian forms. The Hausa and Kanuri peoples play a variety of spike-lutes.<br /></strong></span><a id="Other_instruments" name="Other_instruments"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Other instruments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=10"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Other instruments<br />A variety of </strong></span><a title="Brass instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>brass</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Woodwind instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>woodwind instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are also found in Nigeria. These include long </strong></span><a title="Trumpet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>trumpets</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, frequently made of </strong></span><a title="Aluminium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>aluminium</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and played in pairs or ensembles of up to six, often accompanied by a </strong></span><a title="Shawm" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawm"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>shawm</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Wooden trumpets, gourd trumpets, end-blown flutes, cruciform whistles, transverse clarinets and various kinds of horns are also found.<br /></strong></span><a id="Popular_music" name="Popular_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Popular music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=11"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Popular music<br />Many African countries have seen turbulence and violence during their forced transition from a diverse region of folk cultures to a group of modern nation states. Nigeria has experienced more difficulty than most African countries in forging a popular cultural identity from the diverse peoples of the countryside</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-17"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[18]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> . From its beginnings in the streets of Lagos, popular music in Nigeria has long been an integral part of the field of African pop, bringing in influences and instruments from many ethnic groups, most prominently including the Yoruba.<br />The earliest styles of Nigerian popular music were </strong></span><a title="Palm-wine music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-wine_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>palm-wine music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Highlife" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>highlife</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, which spread in the 1920s among Nigeria and nearby countries of </strong></span><a title="Liberia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Liberia</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Sierra Leone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Sierra Leone</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Ghana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ghana</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. In Nigeria, palm-wine became the primary basis for </strong></span><a title="Jùjú music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a genre that dominated popular music for many years. During this time, a few other styles such as </strong></span><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, derived from traditional Yoruban music, also found a more limited audience. By the 1960s, Cuban, American and other styles of imported music were enjoying a large following, and musicians started to incorporate these influences into jùjú. The result was a profusion of new styles in the last few decades of the 20th century, including </strong></span><a title="Waka music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>waka music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Afrobeat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afrobeat</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span>rapworldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13103502143022750025noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151531856764073288.post-84186193293894606072007-11-17T05:49:00.001-08:002007-11-17T05:57:28.266-08:00Music of Nigeria<span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /> of Nigeria: Topics<br /></strong></span><a title="Hausa music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hausa</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Igbo music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Yoruba music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Apala</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fuji</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Jùjú music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jùjú</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Afrobeat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afrobeat</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Afro-juju" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-juju"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afro-juju</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Waka music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Waka</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><br /><a class="new" title="Timeline of trends in Nigerian music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_trends_in_Nigerian_music&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Timeline</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Samples of Nigerian music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samples_of_Nigerian_music&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Samples</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Genres<br /></strong></span><a title="Nigerian hip hop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hip hop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> - </strong></span><a title="Nigerian reggae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_reggae"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Reggae</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> - </strong></span><a title="Nigerian gospel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_gospel"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Gospel</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigeria</strong></span></a><br /><a class="image" title="Nigeria coa.png" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nigeria_coa.png"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>This article is part of the series:</strong></span><a title="Culture of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Culture of Nigeria</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Languages of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Languages</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a title="Nigerian literature" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_literature"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Literature</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a title="List of Nigerian writers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_writers"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>List of Nigerian writers</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a title="List of Nigerian poets" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_poets"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>List of Nigerian poets</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br />Music of Nigeria<br /></strong></span><a title="Category:Culture by nationality" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_by_nationality"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Other countries</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> - </strong></span><a title="Portal:Culture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Culture"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Culture Portal</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Template:Culture of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>view</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> • </strong></span><a class="new" title="Template talk:Culture of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Culture_of_Nigeria&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>talk</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> • </strong></span><a class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" action="edit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture_of_Nigeria&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The music of Nigeria includes many kinds of </strong></span><a title="Folk music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>folk</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Popular music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>popular music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, some of which are known worldwide. Styles of folk music are related to the multitudes of </strong></span><a title="Demographics of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria#Ethnic_groups"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ethnic groups</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in the country, each with their own techniques, instruments, and songs. Little is known about the country's music history prior to European contact, although </strong></span><a title="Bronze" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>bronze</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> carvings dating back to the 16th and 17th centuries have been found depicting musicians and their instruments.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-0"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[1]</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigeria</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> has been called "the heart of </strong></span><a title="Music of Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>African music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>" because of its role in the development of West African </strong></span><a title="Highlife" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>highlife</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Palm-wine music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-wine_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>palm-wine music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, which fuses native rhythms with techniques imported from the </strong></span><a title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Congo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> for the development of several popular styles that were unique to Nigeria, like </strong></span><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>fuji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Jùjú music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and </strong></span><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Subsequently, Nigerian musicians created their own styles of </strong></span><a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>United States</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a title="Nigerian hip hop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>hip hop music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Jamaica" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jamaican</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a title="Reggae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>reggae</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Nigeria's musical output has achieved international acclaim not only in the fields of folk and popular music,</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-1"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[2]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> but also </strong></span><a title="European classical music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_classical_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Western art music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> written by composers such as </strong></span><a title="Fela Sowande" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Sowande"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fela Sowande</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a title="Polyrhythm" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Polyrhythms</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, in which two or more separate beats are played simultaneously, are a part of much of traditional African music;</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-2"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[3]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Nigeria is no exception. The </strong></span><a title="African hemiola style" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_hemiola_style"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>African hemiola style</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, based on the asymmetric rhythm pattern</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-3"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[4]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is an important rhythmic technique throughout the continent. Nigerian music also uses </strong></span><a title="Ostinato" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostinato"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ostinato</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> rhythms, in which a rhythmic pattern is repeated despite changes in </strong></span><a title="Metre (music)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_%28music%29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>metre</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigeria has some of the most advanced </strong></span><a title="Recording studio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_studio"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>recording studio</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> technology in Africa, and provides robust commercial opportunities for music performers. Ronnie Graham, an historian who specialises in West Africa, has attributed the success of the Nigerian music industry to the country's culture—its "thirst for aesthetic and material success and a voracious appetite for life, love and music, [and] a huge domestic market, big enough to sustain artists who sing in regional languages and experiment with indigenous styles". However, political corruption and rampant music piracy in Nigeria has hampered the industry's growth.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-4"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[5]</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Contents[</strong></span><a class="internal" id="togglelink" href="javascript:toggleToc()"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>hide</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>]<br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Folk_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1 Folk music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_Hausa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.1 The Hausa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_Igbo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.2 The Igbo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_Yoruba"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.3 The Yoruba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Theatrical_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.4 Theatrical music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Children.27s_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.5 Children's music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Traditional_instruments"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6 Traditional instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Percussion"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6.1 Percussion</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#String_instruments"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6.2 String instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Other_instruments"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6.3 Other instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Popular_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2 Popular music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Palm-wine_and_the_invention_of_j.C3.B9j.C3.BA"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.1 Palm-wine and the invention of jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.2 Apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_1950s.2C_.2760s_and_.2770s"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3 The 1950s, '60s and '70s</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_modernisation_of_j.C3.B9j.C3.BA"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.1 The modernisation of jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_spread_of_highlife"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.2 The spread of highlife</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_birth_of_fuji"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.3 The birth of fuji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Diversification:_Ade_and_Obey"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.4 Diversification: Ade and Obey</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_1980s_and_.2790s"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4 The 1980s and '90s</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#1980s:_Yo-pop_and_Afro-j.C3.B9j.C3.BA"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.1 1980s: Yo-pop and Afro-jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Afrobeat"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.2 Afrobeat</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Waka"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.3 Waka</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Reggae_and_hip_hop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.4 Reggae and hip hop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Music_at_festivals_and_holidays"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>3 Music at festivals and holidays</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Classical_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>4 Classical music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#References"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>5 References</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Notes"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>6 Notes</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Further_reading"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>7 Further reading</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#External_links"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>8 External links</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br />//<br /></strong></span><a id="Folk_music" name="Folk_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Folk music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=1"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Folk music<br />More than 250 </strong></span><a title="Demographics of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria#Ethnic_groups"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ethnic groups</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are native to Nigeria, and many more have immigrated there in recent years; the largest ethnic groups are the </strong></span><a title="Igbo people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Hausa people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hausa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Yoruba people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> tribes. Traditional music from Nigeria and throughout Africa is almost always functional; in other words, it is performed to mark a ritual such as a </strong></span><a title="Wedding" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>wedding</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> or </strong></span><a title="Funeral" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>funeral</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and not for pure entertainment or artistic enjoyment.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-5"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[6]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Although some Nigerians, especially children and the elderly, play instruments for their own amusement, solo performance is otherwise rare. Music is closely linked to </strong></span><a title="Agriculture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>agriculture</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and there are restrictions on, for example, which instruments can be played during different parts of the growing season.<br /></strong></span><a title="Work song" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_song"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Work songs</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are a common type of traditional Nigerian music. They help to keep the rhythm of workers in fields, river canoes and other fields. Women use complex rhythms in housekeeping tasks, such as pounding </strong></span><a title="Yam (vegetable)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_%28vegetable%29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>yams</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> to highly ornamented music. In the northern regions, farmers work together on each other's farms and the host is expected to supply musicians for his neighbours.<br />Musicians in Nigeria are typically not professionals, though there are some exceptions; the northern </strong></span><a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Muslims</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in eastern </strong></span><a title="Adamawa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Adamawa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, for example, do have groups of specialised musicians. The issue of musical composition is also highly variable. The </strong></span><a title="Hwana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwana"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hwana</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, for example, believe that all songs are taught by the peoples' ancestors, while the </strong></span><a title="Tiv" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tiv</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> give credit to named composers for almost all songs, and the </strong></span><a title="Efik" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Efik</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> name individual composers only for secular songs. In many parts of Nigeria, musicians are allowed to say things in their lyrics that would otherwise be perceived as offensive.<br /></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The most common format for music in Nigeria is the </strong></span><a title="Call and response (music)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_and_response_%28music%29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>call-and-response</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> choir, in which a lead singer and a chorus interchange verses, sometimes accompanied by instruments that either shadow the lead text or repeat and </strong></span><a title="Ostinato" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostinato"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ostinato</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> vocal phrase. The southern area features complex rhythms and solo players using melody instruments, while the north more typically features polyphonic wind ensembles. The extreme north region is associated with </strong></span><a title="Monody" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monody"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>monodic</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (i.e., single-line) music with an emphasis on drums, and tends to be more influenced by Islamic music.<br /></strong></span><a title="Epic poetry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Epic poetry</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is found in parts of Nigeria, and its performance is always viewed as musical in nature. Blind itinerant performers, sometimes accompanying themselves with a string instrument, are known for reciting long poems of unorthodox Islamic text among the </strong></span><a title="Kanuri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Kanuri</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and Hausa. These, and other related traditions, may be descended from similar </strong></span><a title="Maghreb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Maghrebian</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and European traditions. </strong></span><a title="The Ozidi Saga" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ozidi_Saga"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Ozidi Saga</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> found in the Niger Delta is a well-known epic that takes seven days to perform and utilises; a narrator, a chorus, percussion, </strong></span><a title="Mime artist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mime_artist"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>mime</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and dance.<br /></strong></span><a id="The_Hausa" name="The_Hausa"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: The Hausa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=2"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] The Hausa<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Hausa music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hausa music</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The people of the north are known for complex </strong></span><a title="Percussion instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>percussive</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> music, the one-stringed </strong></span><a title="Goje" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goje"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>goje</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a title="Fiddle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>fiddle</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and a strong </strong></span><a title="Praise song" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise_song"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>praise song</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> vocal tradition. Under Muslim influence since the 14th century, Hausa music uses free-rhythmic improvisation and the Arabic scale, melding them with West African elements such as polyrhythms and call-and-response vocalisation.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-6"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[7]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Music is used to celebrate births, marriages, circumcisions, and other important life events. Hausa ceremonial music (</strong></span><a class="new" title="Rokon fada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rokon_fada&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>rokon fada</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>) is well known in the area, and is dominated by families of praise singers, including, most famously, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Narambad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narambad&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Narambad</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-7"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[8]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> The Hausa play percussion instruments such as the </strong></span><a title="Tambura" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambura"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>tambura</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> drum and the royal, elongated </strong></span><a title="Kakaki" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaki"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>kakaki</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> trumpet</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-8"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[9]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> which was originally used by the </strong></span><a title="Songhai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Songhai</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> cavalry and was taken by the rising Hausa states as a symbol of military power"</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-9"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[10]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Kakaki trumpets can be more than two metres long, and can be easily broken down into three portable parts for easy transportation.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-10"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[11]</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Rural Hausa music includes dances such as </strong></span><a class="new" title="Asauwara" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asauwara&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>asauwara</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (for young females) and the </strong></span><a title="Spirit possession" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_possession"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>spirit possession</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> dance </strong></span><a title="Bòòríí" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2%C3%B2r%C3%AD%C3%AD"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>bòòríí</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Hausa folk music has produced popular entertainers, including </strong></span><a title="Dan Maraya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Maraya"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Dan Maraya</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (known for his one-stringed </strong></span><a title="Lute" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>lute</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, the </strong></span><a title="Kontigi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontigi"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>kontigi</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>), </strong></span><a class="new" title="Audo Yaron Goje" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audo_Yaron_Goje&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Audo Yaron Goje</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Muhamman Shata" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamman_Shata"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Muhamman Shata</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ibrahim Na Habu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Na_Habu&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ibrahim Na Habu</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (known for his </strong></span><a title="Kukkuma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukkuma"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>kukkuma</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> fiddling).</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-11"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[12]</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Hausa bòòríí cult is especially well known outside the country, and has been brought as far north as </strong></span><a title="Tripoli" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tripoli</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Libya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Libya</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> by </strong></span><a title="Trans-Saharan trade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>trans-Saharan trade</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. The bòòríí cult features a kind of hypnotic, trance-inducing music, played on the </strong></span><a title="Shekere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekere"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>calabash</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, lute or fiddle. During ceremonies, women and other marginalised groups fall into trances and perform various dramatic behaviours, such as mimicking a pig or engaging in human sex. These people are said to be possessed by a character, each with its own litany (kírààrì). Similar trance cults (the so-called "</strong></span><a title="Mami Wata" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_Wata"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>mermaid cults</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>"), can be found in the </strong></span><a title="Niger Delta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Niger Delta</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> region.<br /></strong></span><a id="The_Igbo" name="The_Igbo"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: The Igbo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=3"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] The Igbo<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Igbo music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo Music</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The </strong></span><a title="Igbo people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo people</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> live in the south-east of Nigeria, and play a wide variety of folk instruments. They are known for their ready adoption of foreign styles, and were an important part of Nigerian highlife.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-12"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[13]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> The most widespread instrument is the 13-stringed </strong></span><a title="Zither" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zither"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>zither</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, called an </strong></span><a title="Obo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>obo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. The Igbo also play </strong></span><a title="Slit drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>slit drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Xylophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>xylophones</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Flute" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>flutes</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Lyre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>lyres</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Udu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udu"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>udus</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and lutes, and more recently, imported European </strong></span><a title="Brass instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>brass instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />Courtly music is played among the more traditional Igbo, maintain their royal traditions. The ufie (</strong></span><a title="Slit drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>slit drum</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>) is used to wake the chief and communicate meal times and other important information to him. Bell and drum ensembles are used to announce when the chief departs and returns to his village.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-13"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[14]</strong></span></a><br /><a id="The_Yoruba" name="The_Yoruba"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: The Yoruba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=4"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] The Yoruba<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Yoruba music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba music</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The </strong></span><a title="Yoruba people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> have an advanced </strong></span><a title="Drums" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>drumming</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> tradition, with a characteristic use of the </strong></span><a title="Dundun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundun"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>dundun</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> hourglass </strong></span><a class="new" title="Tension drums" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tension_drums&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>tension drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Ensembles using the dundun play a type of music that is also called dundun.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-14"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[15]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> These ensembles consist of various sizes of tension drums, along with kettledrums (gudugudu). The leader of a dundun ensemble is the iyalu, who uses the drum to "talk" by imitating the tonality of </strong></span><a title="Yoruba language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-15"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[16]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Much of Yoruba music is spiritual in nature, and is devoted to the </strong></span><a title="Orisha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orisha"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Orisha</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> of </strong></span><a title="Yoruba mythology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_mythology"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba mythology</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />Yoruba music has become the most important component of modern Nigerian popular music, as a result of its early influence from European, Islamic and </strong></span><a title="Brazil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Brazilian</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> forms. These influences stemmed from the importation of </strong></span><a title="Brass instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>brass instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Sheet music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>sheet music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, Islamic percussion and styles brought by Brazilian merchants.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-16"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[17]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> In both the Nigeria's most populous city, </strong></span><a title="Lagos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Lagos</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and the largest city of </strong></span><a title="Ibadan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ibadan</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, these multicultural traditions were brought together and became the root of Nigerian popular music. Modern styles such as </strong></span><a title="Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaji_Sikiru_Ayinde_Barrister"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="Fuji" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>fuji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Salawa Abeni" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salawa_Abeni"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Salawa Abeni</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="Waka music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>waka</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Yusuf Olatunji" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Olatunji"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yusuf Olatunji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="Sakara" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakara"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>sakara</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are derived primarily from Yoruban traditional music.<br /></strong></span><a id="Theatrical_music" name="Theatrical_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Theatrical music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=5"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Theatrical music<br />Nigerian </strong></span><a title="Theatre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>theatre</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> makes extensive use of music. Often, this is simply traditional music used in a theatrical production without adaptation. However, there are also distinct styles of music used in Nigerian </strong></span><a title="Opera" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>opera</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Here, music is used to convey an impression of the dramatic action to the audience. Music is also used in literary drama, although its musical accompaniment is more sparingly used than in opera; again, music communicates the mood or tone of events to the audience. An example is </strong></span><a title="Christian Guest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Guest"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Christian Guest</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="The Ozidi Saga" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ozidi_Saga"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Ozidi Saga</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a play about murder and revenge, featuring both human and non-human actors. Each character in the play is associated with a personal theme song, which accompanies battles in which the character is involved.<br />Traditional Nigerian theatre includes </strong></span><a title="Puppetry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppetry"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>puppet</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> shows in </strong></span><a title="Borno State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_State"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Borno State</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and among the Ogoni and Tiv, and the ancient Yoruba </strong></span><a title="Aláàrìnjó" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1%C3%A0r%C3%ACnj%C3%B3"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Aláàrìnjó</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> tradition, which may be descended from the </strong></span><a title="Egúngún" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C3%BAng%C3%BAn"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Egúngún</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> masquerade. With the influx of road-building colonial powers, these theatre groups spread across the country and their productions grew ever more elaborate. They now typically use European instruments, film extracts and recorded music.<br />In the past, both </strong></span><a title="Hubert Ogunde" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Ogunde"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hubert Ogunde</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ade Love" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ade_Love&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ade Love</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, of blessed memories, produced soundtracks of their movies using very rich </strong></span><a title="Yoruba language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba language</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Modern day Yoruba film and theater music composers among whom </strong></span><a title="Tope Alabi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tope_Alabi"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tope Alabi</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is the flagbearer have variously accompanied dramatic actions with original music.<br /></strong></span><a id="Children.27s_music" name="Children.27s_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Children's music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=6"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Children's music<br />Children in Nigeria have many of their own traditions, usually singing </strong></span><a title="Game" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>games</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. These are most often call-and-response type songs, using archaic language. There are other songs, such as among the </strong></span><a title="Tarok" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarok"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tarok</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> people that are sexually explicit and obscene, and are only performed far away from the home. Children also use instruments like </strong></span><a title="Untuned percussion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untuned_percussion"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>un-pitched</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a class="new" title="Raft zither" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raft_zither&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>raft zithers</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (made from cornstalks) and </strong></span><a title="Drums" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> made from tin cans, a pipe made from a </strong></span><a title="Pawpaw" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawpaw"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>pawpaw</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> stem and a </strong></span><a title="Jew's harp" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew%27s_harp"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jew's harp</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> made from a </strong></span><a title="Sorghum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>sorghum</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> stalk. Among the Hausa, children play a unique instrument in which they beat rhythms on the inflated stomach of a live, irritated </strong></span><a title="Pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pufferfish"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>pufferfish</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a id="Traditional_instruments" name="Traditional_instruments"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Traditional instruments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=7"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Traditional instruments<br />Although percussion instruments are omnipresent, Nigeria's traditional music uses a number of diverse instruments. Many, such as the </strong></span><a title="Xylophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>xylophone</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, are an integral part of music across </strong></span><a title="West Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>West Africa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, while others are imports from the Muslims of the </strong></span><a title="Maghreb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Maghreb</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, or from </strong></span><a title="Southern Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Southern</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> or </strong></span><a title="East Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>East Africa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>; other instruments have arrived from Europe or the Americas. Brass instruments and woodwinds were early imports that played a vital role in the development of Nigerian music, while the later importation of electric guitars spurred the popularisation of jùjú music.<br /></strong></span><a id="Percussion" name="Percussion"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Percussion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=8"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Percussion<br /></strong></span><a class="image" title="Drummers in Ojumo Oro, Kwara State." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg"></a><br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg"></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Drummers in </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ojumo Oro" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojumo_Oro&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ojumo Oro</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Kwara State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara_State"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Kwara State</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />The xylophone is a tuned </strong></span><a title="Idiophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiophone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>idiophone</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, common throughout west and central Africa. In Nigeria, they are most common in the southern part of the country, and are of the central African model. Several people sometimes simultaneously play a single xylophone. The instruments are usually made of loose wood placed across banana logs. Pit- and box-resonated xylophones are also found. Ensembles of clay pots beaten with a soft pad are common; they are sometimes filled with water. Although normally tuned, untuned examples are sometimes used to produce a bass rhythm. Hollow logs are also used, split lengthways, with resonator holes at the end of the slit. They were traditionally used to communicate over great distances.<br />Various bells are a common part of royal regalia, and were used in </strong></span><a title="Secret society" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>secret societies</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. They are usually made of iron, or in Islamic orchestras of the north, of bronze. Struck gourds, placed on a cloth and struck with sticks, are a part of women's music, as well as the </strong></span><a title="Bòòríí" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2%C3%B2r%C3%AD%C3%AD"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>bòòríí</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> cult dances. Sometimes, especially in the north, gourds are placed upside-down in water, with the pitch adjusted by the amount of air underneath it. In the south-west, a number of tuned gourds are played while floating in a trough.<br />Scrapers are common throughout the south. One of the most common types is a notched stick, played by dragging a shell across the stick at various speeds. It is used both as a women's court instrument and by children in teasing games. Among the Yoruba, an iron rod may be used as a replacement for a stick. Rattles are common, made of gourds containing seeds or stones are common, as are net-rattles, in which a string network of beads or shells encloses a gourd. Rattles are typically played in ritual or religious context, predominantly by women.<br />Drums of many kinds are the most common type of percussion instrument in Nigeria. They are traditionally made from a single piece of wood or spherical calabashes, but have more recently been made from oil drums. The hourglass drum is the most common shape, although there are also double-headed barrel drums, single-headed drums and conical drums. </strong></span><a title="Frame drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Frame drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are also found in Nigeria, but may be an importation from Brazil. An unusual percussion instrument is the </strong></span><a title="Udu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udu"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>udu</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a kind of vessel drum.<br /></strong></span><a id="String_instruments" name="String_instruments"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: String instruments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=9"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] String instruments<br />The </strong></span><a title="Musical bow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_bow"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>musical bow</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is found in Nigeria as a mouth-resonated cord, either plucked or struck. It is most common in the central part of the country, and is associated with agricultural songs and those expressing social concerns. Cereal stalks bound together and strings supported by two bridges are used to make a kind of raft-zither, played with the thumbs, typically for solo entertainment. The arched harp is found in the eastern part of the country, especially among the Tarok. It usually has five or six strings and pentatonic tuning. A bowl-resonated spike-fiddle with a lizard skin table is used in the northern region; it is an import from </strong></span><a title="North Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>North Africa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and is similar to central Asian and Ethiopian forms. The Hausa and Kanuri peoples play a variety of spike-lutes.<br /></strong></span><a id="Other_instruments" name="Other_instruments"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Other instruments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=10"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Other instruments<br />A variety of </strong></span><a title="Brass instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>brass</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Woodwind instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>woodwind instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are also found in Nigeria. These include long </strong></span><a title="Trumpet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>trumpets</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, frequently made of </strong></span><a title="Aluminium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>aluminium</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and played in pairs or ensembles of up to six, often accompanied by a </strong></span><a title="Shawm" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawm"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>shawm</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Wooden trumpets, gourd trumpets, end-blown flutes, cruciform whistles, transverse clarinets and various kinds of horns are also found.<br /></strong></span><a id="Popular_music" name="Popular_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Popular music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=11"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Popular music<br />Many African countries have seen turbulence and violence during their forced transition from a diverse region of folk cultures to a group of modern nation states. Nigeria has experienced more difficulty than most African countries in forging a popular cultural identity from the diverse peoples of the countryside</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-17"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[18]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> . From its beginnings in the streets of Lagos, popular music in Nigeria has long been an integral part of the field of African pop, bringing in influences and instruments from many ethnic groups, most prominently including the Yoruba.<br />The earliest styles of Nigerian popular music were </strong></span><a title="Palm-wine music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-wine_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>palm-wine music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Highlife" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>highlife</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, which spread in the 1920s among Nigeria and nearby countries of </strong></span><a title="Liberia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Liberia</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Sierra Leone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Sierra Leone</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Ghana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ghana</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. In Nigeria, palm-wine became the primary basis for </strong></span><a title="Jùjú music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a genre that dominated popular music for many years. During this time, a few other styles such as </strong></span><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, derived from traditional Yoruban music, also found a more limited audience. By the 1960s, Cuban, American and other styles of imported music were enjoying a large following, and musicians started to incorporate these influences into jùjú. The result was a profusion of new styles in the last few decades of the 20th century, including </strong></span><a title="Waka music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>waka music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Afrobeat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afrobeat</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span>rapworldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13103502143022750025noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6151531856764073288.post-17887795474920611052007-11-17T05:49:00.000-08:002007-11-17T05:56:19.802-08:00Music of Nigeria<span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<br /> of Nigeria: Topics<br /></strong></span><a title="Hausa music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hausa</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Igbo music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Yoruba music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Apala</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fuji</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Jùjú music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jùjú</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Afrobeat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afrobeat</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Afro-juju" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-juju"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afro-juju</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Waka music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Waka</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><br /><a class="new" title="Timeline of trends in Nigerian music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_trends_in_Nigerian_music&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Timeline</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Samples of Nigerian music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samples_of_Nigerian_music&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Samples</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Genres<br /></strong></span><a title="Nigerian hip hop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hip hop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> - </strong></span><a title="Nigerian reggae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_reggae"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Reggae</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> - </strong></span><a title="Nigerian gospel" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_gospel"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Gospel</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigeria</strong></span></a><br /><a class="image" title="Nigeria coa.png" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nigeria_coa.png"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>This article is part of the series:</strong></span><a title="Culture of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Culture of Nigeria</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Languages of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Languages</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a title="Nigerian literature" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_literature"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Literature</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a title="List of Nigerian writers" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_writers"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>List of Nigerian writers</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a title="List of Nigerian poets" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_poets"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>List of Nigerian poets</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br />Music of Nigeria<br /></strong></span><a title="Category:Culture by nationality" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture_by_nationality"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Other countries</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> - </strong></span><a title="Portal:Culture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Culture"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Culture Portal</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Template:Culture of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>view</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> • </strong></span><a class="new" title="Template talk:Culture of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Culture_of_Nigeria&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>talk</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> • </strong></span><a class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=" action="edit" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture_of_Nigeria&action=edit" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The music of Nigeria includes many kinds of </strong></span><a title="Folk music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>folk</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Popular music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>popular music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, some of which are known worldwide. Styles of folk music are related to the multitudes of </strong></span><a title="Demographics of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria#Ethnic_groups"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ethnic groups</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in the country, each with their own techniques, instruments, and songs. Little is known about the country's music history prior to European contact, although </strong></span><a title="Bronze" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>bronze</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> carvings dating back to the 16th and 17th centuries have been found depicting musicians and their instruments.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-0"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[1]</strong></span></a><br /><a title="Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigeria</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> has been called "the heart of </strong></span><a title="Music of Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>African music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>" because of its role in the development of West African </strong></span><a title="Highlife" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>highlife</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Palm-wine music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-wine_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>palm-wine music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, which fuses native rhythms with techniques imported from the </strong></span><a title="Democratic Republic of the Congo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Congo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> for the development of several popular styles that were unique to Nigeria, like </strong></span><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Fuji music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>fuji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Jùjú music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and </strong></span><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Subsequently, Nigerian musicians created their own styles of </strong></span><a title="United States" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>United States</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a title="Nigerian hip hop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>hip hop music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Jamaica" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jamaican</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a title="Reggae" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>reggae</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Nigeria's musical output has achieved international acclaim not only in the fields of folk and popular music,</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-1"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[2]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> but also </strong></span><a title="European classical music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_classical_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Western art music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> written by composers such as </strong></span><a title="Fela Sowande" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Sowande"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Fela Sowande</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a title="Polyrhythm" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyrhythm"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Polyrhythms</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, in which two or more separate beats are played simultaneously, are a part of much of traditional African music;</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-2"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[3]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Nigeria is no exception. The </strong></span><a title="African hemiola style" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_hemiola_style"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>African hemiola style</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, based on the asymmetric rhythm pattern</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-3"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[4]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is an important rhythmic technique throughout the continent. Nigerian music also uses </strong></span><a title="Ostinato" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostinato"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ostinato</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> rhythms, in which a rhythmic pattern is repeated despite changes in </strong></span><a title="Metre (music)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_%28music%29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>metre</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Nigeria has some of the most advanced </strong></span><a title="Recording studio" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_studio"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>recording studio</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> technology in Africa, and provides robust commercial opportunities for music performers. Ronnie Graham, an historian who specialises in West Africa, has attributed the success of the Nigerian music industry to the country's culture—its "thirst for aesthetic and material success and a voracious appetite for life, love and music, [and] a huge domestic market, big enough to sustain artists who sing in regional languages and experiment with indigenous styles". However, political corruption and rampant music piracy in Nigeria has hampered the industry's growth.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-4"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[5]</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Contents[</strong></span><a class="internal" id="togglelink" href="javascript:toggleToc()"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>hide</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>]<br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Folk_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1 Folk music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_Hausa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.1 The Hausa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_Igbo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.2 The Igbo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_Yoruba"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.3 The Yoruba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Theatrical_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.4 Theatrical music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Children.27s_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.5 Children's music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Traditional_instruments"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6 Traditional instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Percussion"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6.1 Percussion</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#String_instruments"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6.2 String instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Other_instruments"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>1.6.3 Other instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Popular_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2 Popular music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Palm-wine_and_the_invention_of_j.C3.B9j.C3.BA"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.1 Palm-wine and the invention of jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.2 Apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_1950s.2C_.2760s_and_.2770s"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3 The 1950s, '60s and '70s</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_modernisation_of_j.C3.B9j.C3.BA"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.1 The modernisation of jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_spread_of_highlife"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.2 The spread of highlife</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_birth_of_fuji"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.3 The birth of fuji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Diversification:_Ade_and_Obey"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.3.4 Diversification: Ade and Obey</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#The_1980s_and_.2790s"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4 The 1980s and '90s</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#1980s:_Yo-pop_and_Afro-j.C3.B9j.C3.BA"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.1 1980s: Yo-pop and Afro-jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Afrobeat"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.2 Afrobeat</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Waka"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.3 Waka</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Reggae_and_hip_hop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>2.4.4 Reggae and hip hop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Music_at_festivals_and_holidays"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>3 Music at festivals and holidays</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Classical_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>4 Classical music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#References"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>5 References</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Notes"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>6 Notes</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#Further_reading"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>7 Further reading</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br /></strong></span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#External_links"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>8 External links</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong><br />//<br /></strong></span><a id="Folk_music" name="Folk_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Folk music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=1"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Folk music<br />More than 250 </strong></span><a title="Demographics of Nigeria" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria#Ethnic_groups"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ethnic groups</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are native to Nigeria, and many more have immigrated there in recent years; the largest ethnic groups are the </strong></span><a title="Igbo people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Hausa people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hausa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Yoruba people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> tribes. Traditional music from Nigeria and throughout Africa is almost always functional; in other words, it is performed to mark a ritual such as a </strong></span><a title="Wedding" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>wedding</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> or </strong></span><a title="Funeral" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funeral"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>funeral</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and not for pure entertainment or artistic enjoyment.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-5"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[6]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Although some Nigerians, especially children and the elderly, play instruments for their own amusement, solo performance is otherwise rare. Music is closely linked to </strong></span><a title="Agriculture" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>agriculture</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and there are restrictions on, for example, which instruments can be played during different parts of the growing season.<br /></strong></span><a title="Work song" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_song"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Work songs</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are a common type of traditional Nigerian music. They help to keep the rhythm of workers in fields, river canoes and other fields. Women use complex rhythms in housekeeping tasks, such as pounding </strong></span><a title="Yam (vegetable)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_%28vegetable%29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>yams</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> to highly ornamented music. In the northern regions, farmers work together on each other's farms and the host is expected to supply musicians for his neighbours.<br />Musicians in Nigeria are typically not professionals, though there are some exceptions; the northern </strong></span><a title="Muslim" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Muslims</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> in eastern </strong></span><a title="Adamawa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamawa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Adamawa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, for example, do have groups of specialised musicians. The issue of musical composition is also highly variable. The </strong></span><a title="Hwana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hwana"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hwana</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, for example, believe that all songs are taught by the peoples' ancestors, while the </strong></span><a title="Tiv" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiv"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tiv</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> give credit to named composers for almost all songs, and the </strong></span><a title="Efik" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efik"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Efik</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> name individual composers only for secular songs. In many parts of Nigeria, musicians are allowed to say things in their lyrics that would otherwise be perceived as offensive.<br /></strong></span><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The most common format for music in Nigeria is the </strong></span><a title="Call and response (music)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_and_response_%28music%29"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>call-and-response</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> choir, in which a lead singer and a chorus interchange verses, sometimes accompanied by instruments that either shadow the lead text or repeat and </strong></span><a title="Ostinato" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostinato"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>ostinato</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> vocal phrase. The southern area features complex rhythms and solo players using melody instruments, while the north more typically features polyphonic wind ensembles. The extreme north region is associated with </strong></span><a title="Monody" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monody"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>monodic</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (i.e., single-line) music with an emphasis on drums, and tends to be more influenced by Islamic music.<br /></strong></span><a title="Epic poetry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Epic poetry</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is found in parts of Nigeria, and its performance is always viewed as musical in nature. Blind itinerant performers, sometimes accompanying themselves with a string instrument, are known for reciting long poems of unorthodox Islamic text among the </strong></span><a title="Kanuri" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Kanuri</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and Hausa. These, and other related traditions, may be descended from similar </strong></span><a title="Maghreb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Maghrebian</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and European traditions. </strong></span><a title="The Ozidi Saga" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ozidi_Saga"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Ozidi Saga</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> found in the Niger Delta is a well-known epic that takes seven days to perform and utilises; a narrator, a chorus, percussion, </strong></span><a title="Mime artist" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mime_artist"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>mime</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and dance.<br /></strong></span><a id="The_Hausa" name="The_Hausa"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: The Hausa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=2"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] The Hausa<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Hausa music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausa_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hausa music</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The people of the north are known for complex </strong></span><a title="Percussion instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>percussive</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> music, the one-stringed </strong></span><a title="Goje" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goje"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>goje</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a title="Fiddle" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>fiddle</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and a strong </strong></span><a title="Praise song" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praise_song"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>praise song</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> vocal tradition. Under Muslim influence since the 14th century, Hausa music uses free-rhythmic improvisation and the Arabic scale, melding them with West African elements such as polyrhythms and call-and-response vocalisation.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-6"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[7]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Music is used to celebrate births, marriages, circumcisions, and other important life events. Hausa ceremonial music (</strong></span><a class="new" title="Rokon fada" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rokon_fada&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>rokon fada</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>) is well known in the area, and is dominated by families of praise singers, including, most famously, </strong></span><a class="new" title="Narambad" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narambad&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Narambad</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-7"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[8]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> The Hausa play percussion instruments such as the </strong></span><a title="Tambura" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambura"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>tambura</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> drum and the royal, elongated </strong></span><a title="Kakaki" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakaki"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>kakaki</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> trumpet</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-8"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[9]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> which was originally used by the </strong></span><a title="Songhai" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Songhai</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> cavalry and was taken by the rising Hausa states as a symbol of military power"</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-9"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[10]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Kakaki trumpets can be more than two metres long, and can be easily broken down into three portable parts for easy transportation.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-10"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[11]</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Rural Hausa music includes dances such as </strong></span><a class="new" title="Asauwara" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asauwara&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>asauwara</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (for young females) and the </strong></span><a title="Spirit possession" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_possession"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>spirit possession</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> dance </strong></span><a title="Bòòríí" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2%C3%B2r%C3%AD%C3%AD"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>bòòríí</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Hausa folk music has produced popular entertainers, including </strong></span><a title="Dan Maraya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Maraya"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Dan Maraya</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (known for his one-stringed </strong></span><a title="Lute" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lute"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>lute</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, the </strong></span><a title="Kontigi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontigi"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>kontigi</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>), </strong></span><a class="new" title="Audo Yaron Goje" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audo_Yaron_Goje&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Audo Yaron Goje</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Muhamman Shata" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamman_Shata"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Muhamman Shata</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ibrahim Na Habu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibrahim_Na_Habu&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ibrahim Na Habu</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (known for his </strong></span><a title="Kukkuma" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukkuma"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>kukkuma</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> fiddling).</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-11"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[12]</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Hausa bòòríí cult is especially well known outside the country, and has been brought as far north as </strong></span><a title="Tripoli" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tripoli</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Libya" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Libya</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> by </strong></span><a title="Trans-Saharan trade" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>trans-Saharan trade</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. The bòòríí cult features a kind of hypnotic, trance-inducing music, played on the </strong></span><a title="Shekere" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekere"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>calabash</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, lute or fiddle. During ceremonies, women and other marginalised groups fall into trances and perform various dramatic behaviours, such as mimicking a pig or engaging in human sex. These people are said to be possessed by a character, each with its own litany (kírààrì). Similar trance cults (the so-called "</strong></span><a title="Mami Wata" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_Wata"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>mermaid cults</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>"), can be found in the </strong></span><a title="Niger Delta" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_Delta"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Niger Delta</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> region.<br /></strong></span><a id="The_Igbo" name="The_Igbo"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: The Igbo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=3"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] The Igbo<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Igbo music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo Music</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The </strong></span><a title="Igbo people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Igbo people</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> live in the south-east of Nigeria, and play a wide variety of folk instruments. They are known for their ready adoption of foreign styles, and were an important part of Nigerian highlife.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-12"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[13]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> The most widespread instrument is the 13-stringed </strong></span><a title="Zither" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zither"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>zither</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, called an </strong></span><a title="Obo" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obo"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>obo</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. The Igbo also play </strong></span><a title="Slit drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>slit drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Xylophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>xylophones</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Flute" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>flutes</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Lyre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>lyres</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Udu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udu"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>udus</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and lutes, and more recently, imported European </strong></span><a title="Brass instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>brass instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />Courtly music is played among the more traditional Igbo, maintain their royal traditions. The ufie (</strong></span><a title="Slit drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>slit drum</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>) is used to wake the chief and communicate meal times and other important information to him. Bell and drum ensembles are used to announce when the chief departs and returns to his village.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-13"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[14]</strong></span></a><br /><a id="The_Yoruba" name="The_Yoruba"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: The Yoruba" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=4"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] The Yoruba<br />Main article: </strong></span><a title="Yoruba music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba music</strong></span></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The </strong></span><a title="Yoruba people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> have an advanced </strong></span><a title="Drums" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>drumming</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> tradition, with a characteristic use of the </strong></span><a title="Dundun" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundun"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>dundun</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> hourglass </strong></span><a class="new" title="Tension drums" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tension_drums&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>tension drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Ensembles using the dundun play a type of music that is also called dundun.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-14"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[15]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> These ensembles consist of various sizes of tension drums, along with kettledrums (gudugudu). The leader of a dundun ensemble is the iyalu, who uses the drum to "talk" by imitating the tonality of </strong></span><a title="Yoruba language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba</strong></span></a><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-15"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[16]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> Much of Yoruba music is spiritual in nature, and is devoted to the </strong></span><a title="Orisha" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orisha"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Orisha</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> of </strong></span><a title="Yoruba mythology" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_mythology"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba mythology</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />Yoruba music has become the most important component of modern Nigerian popular music, as a result of its early influence from European, Islamic and </strong></span><a title="Brazil" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Brazilian</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> forms. These influences stemmed from the importation of </strong></span><a title="Brass instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>brass instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Sheet music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>sheet music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, Islamic percussion and styles brought by Brazilian merchants.</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-16"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[17]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> In both the Nigeria's most populous city, </strong></span><a title="Lagos" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Lagos</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and the largest city of </strong></span><a title="Ibadan" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibadan"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ibadan</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, these multicultural traditions were brought together and became the root of Nigerian popular music. Modern styles such as </strong></span><a title="Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhaji_Sikiru_Ayinde_Barrister"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Alhaji Sikiru Ayinde Barrister</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="Fuji" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>fuji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Salawa Abeni" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salawa_Abeni"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Salawa Abeni</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="Waka music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>waka</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Yusuf Olatunji" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Olatunji"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yusuf Olatunji</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="Sakara" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakara"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>sakara</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are derived primarily from Yoruban traditional music.<br /></strong></span><a id="Theatrical_music" name="Theatrical_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Theatrical music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=5"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Theatrical music<br />Nigerian </strong></span><a title="Theatre" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>theatre</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> makes extensive use of music. Often, this is simply traditional music used in a theatrical production without adaptation. However, there are also distinct styles of music used in Nigerian </strong></span><a title="Opera" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>opera</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Here, music is used to convey an impression of the dramatic action to the audience. Music is also used in literary drama, although its musical accompaniment is more sparingly used than in opera; again, music communicates the mood or tone of events to the audience. An example is </strong></span><a title="Christian Guest" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Guest"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Christian Guest</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>'s </strong></span><a title="The Ozidi Saga" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ozidi_Saga"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>The Ozidi Saga</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a play about murder and revenge, featuring both human and non-human actors. Each character in the play is associated with a personal theme song, which accompanies battles in which the character is involved.<br />Traditional Nigerian theatre includes </strong></span><a title="Puppetry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppetry"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>puppet</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> shows in </strong></span><a title="Borno State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borno_State"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Borno State</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and among the Ogoni and Tiv, and the ancient Yoruba </strong></span><a title="Aláàrìnjó" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1%C3%A0r%C3%ACnj%C3%B3"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Aláàrìnjó</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> tradition, which may be descended from the </strong></span><a title="Egúngún" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C3%BAng%C3%BAn"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Egúngún</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> masquerade. With the influx of road-building colonial powers, these theatre groups spread across the country and their productions grew ever more elaborate. They now typically use European instruments, film extracts and recorded music.<br />In the past, both </strong></span><a title="Hubert Ogunde" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Ogunde"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Hubert Ogunde</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ade Love" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ade_Love&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ade Love</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, of blessed memories, produced soundtracks of their movies using very rich </strong></span><a title="Yoruba language" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_language"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yoruba language</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Modern day Yoruba film and theater music composers among whom </strong></span><a title="Tope Alabi" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tope_Alabi"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tope Alabi</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is the flagbearer have variously accompanied dramatic actions with original music.<br /></strong></span><a id="Children.27s_music" name="Children.27s_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Children's music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=6"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Children's music<br />Children in Nigeria have many of their own traditions, usually singing </strong></span><a title="Game" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>games</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. These are most often call-and-response type songs, using archaic language. There are other songs, such as among the </strong></span><a title="Tarok" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarok"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Tarok</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> people that are sexually explicit and obscene, and are only performed far away from the home. Children also use instruments like </strong></span><a title="Untuned percussion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untuned_percussion"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>un-pitched</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> </strong></span><a class="new" title="Raft zither" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raft_zither&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>raft zithers</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> (made from cornstalks) and </strong></span><a title="Drums" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> made from tin cans, a pipe made from a </strong></span><a title="Pawpaw" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawpaw"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>pawpaw</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> stem and a </strong></span><a title="Jew's harp" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew%27s_harp"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Jew's harp</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> made from a </strong></span><a title="Sorghum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>sorghum</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> stalk. Among the Hausa, children play a unique instrument in which they beat rhythms on the inflated stomach of a live, irritated </strong></span><a title="Pufferfish" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pufferfish"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>pufferfish</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br /></strong></span><a id="Traditional_instruments" name="Traditional_instruments"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Traditional instruments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=7"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Traditional instruments<br />Although percussion instruments are omnipresent, Nigeria's traditional music uses a number of diverse instruments. Many, such as the </strong></span><a title="Xylophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>xylophone</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, are an integral part of music across </strong></span><a title="West Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>West Africa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, while others are imports from the Muslims of the </strong></span><a title="Maghreb" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Maghreb</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, or from </strong></span><a title="Southern Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Southern</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> or </strong></span><a title="East Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>East Africa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>; other instruments have arrived from Europe or the Americas. Brass instruments and woodwinds were early imports that played a vital role in the development of Nigerian music, while the later importation of electric guitars spurred the popularisation of jùjú music.<br /></strong></span><a id="Percussion" name="Percussion"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Percussion" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=8"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Percussion<br /></strong></span><a class="image" title="Drummers in Ojumo Oro, Kwara State." href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg"></a><br /><a class="internal" title="Enlarge" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg"></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Drummers in </strong></span><a class="new" title="Ojumo Oro" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojumo_Oro&action=edit"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ojumo Oro</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Kwara State" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara_State"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Kwara State</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.<br />The xylophone is a tuned </strong></span><a title="Idiophone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiophone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>idiophone</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, common throughout west and central Africa. In Nigeria, they are most common in the southern part of the country, and are of the central African model. Several people sometimes simultaneously play a single xylophone. The instruments are usually made of loose wood placed across banana logs. Pit- and box-resonated xylophones are also found. Ensembles of clay pots beaten with a soft pad are common; they are sometimes filled with water. Although normally tuned, untuned examples are sometimes used to produce a bass rhythm. Hollow logs are also used, split lengthways, with resonator holes at the end of the slit. They were traditionally used to communicate over great distances.<br />Various bells are a common part of royal regalia, and were used in </strong></span><a title="Secret society" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>secret societies</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. They are usually made of iron, or in Islamic orchestras of the north, of bronze. Struck gourds, placed on a cloth and struck with sticks, are a part of women's music, as well as the </strong></span><a title="Bòòríí" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2%C3%B2r%C3%AD%C3%AD"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>bòòríí</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> cult dances. Sometimes, especially in the north, gourds are placed upside-down in water, with the pitch adjusted by the amount of air underneath it. In the south-west, a number of tuned gourds are played while floating in a trough.<br />Scrapers are common throughout the south. One of the most common types is a notched stick, played by dragging a shell across the stick at various speeds. It is used both as a women's court instrument and by children in teasing games. Among the Yoruba, an iron rod may be used as a replacement for a stick. Rattles are common, made of gourds containing seeds or stones are common, as are net-rattles, in which a string network of beads or shells encloses a gourd. Rattles are typically played in ritual or religious context, predominantly by women.<br />Drums of many kinds are the most common type of percussion instrument in Nigeria. They are traditionally made from a single piece of wood or spherical calabashes, but have more recently been made from oil drums. The hourglass drum is the most common shape, although there are also double-headed barrel drums, single-headed drums and conical drums. </strong></span><a title="Frame drum" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_drum"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Frame drums</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are also found in Nigeria, but may be an importation from Brazil. An unusual percussion instrument is the </strong></span><a title="Udu" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udu"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>udu</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a kind of vessel drum.<br /></strong></span><a id="String_instruments" name="String_instruments"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: String instruments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=9"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] String instruments<br />The </strong></span><a title="Musical bow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_bow"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>musical bow</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> is found in Nigeria as a mouth-resonated cord, either plucked or struck. It is most common in the central part of the country, and is associated with agricultural songs and those expressing social concerns. Cereal stalks bound together and strings supported by two bridges are used to make a kind of raft-zither, played with the thumbs, typically for solo entertainment. The arched harp is found in the eastern part of the country, especially among the Tarok. It usually has five or six strings and pentatonic tuning. A bowl-resonated spike-fiddle with a lizard skin table is used in the northern region; it is an import from </strong></span><a title="North Africa" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>North Africa</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, and is similar to central Asian and Ethiopian forms. The Hausa and Kanuri peoples play a variety of spike-lutes.<br /></strong></span><a id="Other_instruments" name="Other_instruments"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Other instruments" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=10"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Other instruments<br />A variety of </strong></span><a title="Brass instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>brass</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Woodwind instrument" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwind_instrument"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>woodwind instruments</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> are also found in Nigeria. These include long </strong></span><a title="Trumpet" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>trumpets</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, frequently made of </strong></span><a title="Aluminium" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>aluminium</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and played in pairs or ensembles of up to six, often accompanied by a </strong></span><a title="Shawm" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawm"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>shawm</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. Wooden trumpets, gourd trumpets, end-blown flutes, cruciform whistles, transverse clarinets and various kinds of horns are also found.<br /></strong></span><a id="Popular_music" name="Popular_music"></a><br /><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[</strong></span><a title="Edit section: Popular music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Nigeria&action=edit&section=11"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>edit</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>] Popular music<br />Many African countries have seen turbulence and violence during their forced transition from a diverse region of folk cultures to a group of modern nation states. Nigeria has experienced more difficulty than most African countries in forging a popular cultural identity from the diverse peoples of the countryside</strong></span><a title="" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Nigeria#_note-17"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>[18]</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> . From its beginnings in the streets of Lagos, popular music in Nigeria has long been an integral part of the field of African pop, bringing in influences and instruments from many ethnic groups, most prominently including the Yoruba.<br />The earliest styles of Nigerian popular music were </strong></span><a title="Palm-wine music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-wine_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>palm-wine music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Highlife" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>highlife</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, which spread in the 1920s among Nigeria and nearby countries of </strong></span><a title="Liberia" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Liberia</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Sierra Leone" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Sierra Leone</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Ghana" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Ghana</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>. In Nigeria, palm-wine became the primary basis for </strong></span><a title="Jùjú music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>jùjú</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, a genre that dominated popular music for many years. During this time, a few other styles such as </strong></span><a title="Apala" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apala"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>apala</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, derived from traditional Yoruban music, also found a more limited audience. By the 1960s, Cuban, American and other styles of imported music were enjoying a large following, and musicians started to incorporate these influences into jùjú. The result was a profusion of new styles in the last few decades of the 20th century, including </strong></span><a title="Waka music" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waka_music"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>waka music</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>, </strong></span><a title="Yo-pop" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-pop"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Yo-pop</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong> and </strong></span><a title="Afrobeat" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat"><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>Afrobeat</strong></span></a><span style="font-family:georgia;"><strong>.</strong></span>rapworldhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13103502143022750025noreply@blogger.com0